Semi-hard magnetic and micro-mechanical behaviors of selective laser melting prepared AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy

HU Xuzhao; CHEN Xiangling; XU Zhenlin; ZHANG Dianbao; LIU Jing; XIA Ailin

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250286

Abstract

Magnetic high-entropy alloy (HEA) has certain application prospects in the fields of energy conversion, hysteresis motor, electromagnetic control mechanism and others. In this study, AlCoCrCuFeNi HEA is prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) with different process parameters, and the phase composition, microstructure, magnetic properties and micromechanical behavior are studied systematically. The results show that the SLMed alloy mainly consists of a BCC matrix phase with a small quantity of approximately spherical FCC precipitated nanophase. The nanohardness decreases with the increase of laser power and fluctuates in a certain range with the change of scanning speed, but the whole sample shows excellent micromechanical properties. Besides, it is found that the room-temperature nanoindentation creep deformation mechanism of AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs is mainly controlled by dislocation motion, which is different from the results given by the traditional classical creep theory. Both of SLMed alloys exhibit typical semi-hard magnetic properties. The saturation magnetization is affected slightly by the SLM process parameters and remains at about 43 A·m²/kg because all samples have a similar quantity of ferromagnetic elements (Fe, Co and Ni). However, the coercivity increases from 1.72 to 2.71 kA/m with the increase of laser power (P), and decreases from 2.37 to 1.98 kA/m with the increase of scanning speed (v), which can be attributed to the different effects of porosity and internal stress on the pinning of domain walls under different process parameters (P and v). This work provides a theoretical basis and experimental direction for further studying the optimization of comprehensive magnetic properties and the room temperature creep mechanism of SLMed high-entropy alloy.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma Anshan 243002, China
2.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Chaohu College, Hefei 238024, China

Corresponding author: XIA Ailin, alxia@126.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52272263).

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References

[1]	严密, 彭晓领 2019 磁学基础与磁性材料 (杭州: 浙江大学出版社)第184页 Yan M, Peng X L 2019 Foudamentals of Magnetics and Magnetic Materials (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press) p184
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[3]	Huang P K, Yeh J W, Shun T T, Chen S K 2004 Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 74 Google Scholar
[4]	Yeh J W, Chen S K, Lin S J, Gan J Y, Chin T S, Shun T T, Tsau C H, Chang S Y 2004 Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 299 Google Scholar
[5]	Cantor B 2014 Entropy 16 4749 Google Scholar
[6]	Taheriniya S, Sonkusare R, Boll T, Divinski S V, Peterlechner M, Rösner H, Wilde G 2024 Acta Mater. 281 120421 Google Scholar
[7]	Liu C, Zhang L C, Wang K, Wang L 2025 Acta Mater. 283 120526 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu Y, Liang J, Guo W, Sun S, Tian Y, Lin H T 2024 J. Adv. Ceram. 13 780 Google Scholar
[9]	Feltrin A C, Hedman D, Akhtar F 2024 J. Adv. Ceram. 13 1268 Google Scholar
[10]	任县利, 张伟伟, 伍晓勇, 吴璐, 王月霞 2020 物理学报 67 046102 Google Scholar Ren X L, Zhang W W, Wu X Y, Wu L, Wang Y X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 046102 Google Scholar
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[12]	Han L, Maccari F, Souza Filho I R, Peter N J, Wei Y, Gault B, Gutfleisch O, Li Z, Raabe D 2022 Nature 608 310 Google Scholar
[13]	Li Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li H, Zhang E, Bai G, Xu H, Liu X, Zhang X 2023 Acta Mater. 254 118970 Google Scholar
[14]	Yu P F, Zhang L J, Cheng H, Zhang H, Ma M Z, Li Y C, Li G, Liaw P K, Liu R P 2016 Intermetallics 70 82 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang M, George E P, Gibeling J C 2021 Scr. Mater. 194 113633 Google Scholar
[16]	Jo M G, Suh J Y, Kim M Y, Kim H J, Jung W S, Kim D I, Han H N 2022 Mater. Sci. Eng. , A 838 142748 Google Scholar
[17]	Cao T, Shang J, Zhao J, Cheng C, Wang R, Wang H 2016 Mater. Lett. 164 344 Google Scholar
[18]	Liu C J, Gadelmeier C, Lu S L, Yeh J W, Yen H W, Gorsse S, Glatzel U, Yeh A C 2022 Acta Mater. 237 118188 Google Scholar
[19]	Xu Z, Zhang H, Li W, Mao A, Wang L, Song G, He Y 2019 Addit. Manuf. 28 766 Google Scholar
[20]	李军, 赵锴, 李波, 赵宇, 郭欢, 韩思远 2024 材料工程 Li J, Zhao K, Li B, Zhao Y, Guo H, Han S Y 2024 J. Mater. Eng. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1800.TB.20240918.1046.002
[21]	Wu S, Qiao D, Zhao H, Wang J, Lu Y 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 889 161800 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang M, George E P, Gibeling J C 2021 Acta Mater. 218 117181 Google Scholar
[23]	Miao J, Yao H, Wang J, Lu Y, Wang T, Li T 2022 J. Alloys Compds. 894 162380 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhou J, Liao H, Chen H, Huang A 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 859 157851 Google Scholar
[25]	Karlsson D, Marshal A, Johansson F, Schuisky M, Sahlberg M, Schneider J M, Jansson U 2019 J. Alloys Compds. 784 195 Google Scholar
[26]	Yu Y, Zhao Y, Feng K, Chen R, Han B, Ji K, Qin M, Li Z, Ramamurty U 2024 Mater. Sci. Eng. , A 918 147469 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhao Y, Guo Q, Ma Z, Yu L 2020 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 791 139735 Google Scholar
[28]	Song X, Liaw P K, Wei Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y 2023 Addit. Manuf. 71 103593 Google Scholar
[29]	Özden M G, Freeman F S H B, Morley N A 2023 Adv. Eng. Mater. 25 2300597 Google Scholar
[30]	Hu X, Xu Z, Jia X, Li S, Zhu Y, Xia A 2025 J. Alloys Compds. 1010 177740 Google Scholar
[31]	Manzoni A M, Glatzel U 2019 Mater. Charact. 147 512 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang Y, Li R, Niu P, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Yuan J, Li K 2020 Intermetallics 120 106746 Google Scholar
[33]	Allia P, Baricco M, Tiberto P, Vinai F 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 74 3137 Google Scholar
[34]	张尚洲, 李子福, 王瑞, 孙广宝, 刘国浩, 于鸿垚 2024 航空制造技术 67 14 Google Scholar Zhang S Z, Li Z F, Wang R, Sun G B, Liu G H, Yu H Y 2024 Aeronaut. Manuf. Technol. 67 14 Google Scholar
[35]	Oboz M, Zajdel P, Zubko M, Świec P, Szubka M, Kądziołka-Gaweł M, Maximenko A, Trump B A, Yakovenko A A 2024 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 589 171506 Google Scholar
[36]	Uporov S, Bykov V, Pryanichnikov S, Shubin A, Uporova N 2017 Intermetallics 83 1 Google Scholar
[37]	Brück E H ed. 2017 Handbook of Magnetic Materials (Amsterdam: Elsevier) pp9–11
[38]	Tan X, Chen L, Lü M, Peng W, Xu H 2023 Materials 16 7222 Google Scholar
[39]	徐震霖 2021 博士学位论文(马鞍山: 安徽工业大学) Xu Z L 2021 Ph. D. Dissertation (Ma Anshan: Anhui University of Technology
[40]	Niu P D, Li R D, Yuan T C, Zhu S Y, Chen C, Wang M B, Huang L 2019 Intermetallics 104 24 Google Scholar
[41]	Poisl W H, Oliver W C, Fabes B D 1995 J. Mater. Res. 10 2024 Google Scholar
[42]	Nabarro F R N, De Villiers F 2018 Physics of Creep and Creep-resistant Alloys (London: CRC Press) pp46–81

Cited By

图 1 SLM成形设备(a)、SLM工艺示意图(b), 以及SLM成形样品顶面实物图(c)

Figure 1. SLM equipment (a), schematic diagram of the SLM process (b), and the top-view physical picture of SLMed alloys (c).

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图 2 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同工艺参数下的孔隙率变化

Figure 2. Variation of porosity with laser power and scanning speed of the SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs.

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图 3 不同工艺参数下制备的SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD图谱　(a) 激光扫描速率为1450 mm/s, 激光功率为110—150 W; (b) 激光功率为130 W, 激光扫描速率为1350—1550 mm/s

Figure 3. The XRD spectra of SLMed samples, (a) processed at 1450 mm/s laser scanning and different laser power (110–150 W), (b) processed at 130 W laser power and different (1350–1550 mm/s) laser scanning speed, respectively.

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图 4 SLM成形态试样的典型微观结构　(a), (b) SEM形貌图; (c), (d) TEM明场像图; (e), (f) 选区电子衍射图; (g)表示位错堆积和缠结的TEM明场像图

Figure 4. Typical microstructures of SLMed samples: (a), (b) SEM images; (c), (d) bright-field TEM images; (e), (f) the selective area electron diffraction; (g) TEM bright field image showing the dislocation pile up and entanglement.

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图 5 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同激光功率下的磁滞回线(a)(插图为局部放大图)和磁性参数(b)的变化规律

Figure 5. Hysteresis loops (a) and variation in M_s, H_c (b) of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi specimens at different power, respectively. The illustration is partial enlargement of panel (a)

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图 6 SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金在不同扫描速率下的磁滞回线(a) (插图为局部放大图)和磁性参数(b)的变化规律

Figure 6. Hysteresis loops (a) and the variation in M_s, H_c (b) of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi specimens at different scanning speed, respectively. The illustration is partial enlargement of panel (a)

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图 7 纳米压痕实验. 不同激光扫描速度(a)和激光功率(b)条件下打印态试样的压痕深度-载荷关系曲线

Figure 7. Nanoindentation test. The curves of load on surface vs. displacement into surface of printed samples with different P (a) and v (b).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 纳米压痕实验　(a)压痕深度和载荷关系曲线; (b)拟合蠕变曲线

Figure 8. Nanoindentation test: (a) Curve of load on surface vs. displacement into surface; (b) fitting creep curve.

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表 1 AlCoCrCuFeNi粉末的化学成分及各元素的特征参数

Table 1. Chemical compositions and element-characteristic parameters of the AlCoCrCuFeNi powders.

Elements	Al	Co	Cr	Cu	Fe	Ni
Mass fraction/%	8.85	18.86	16.59	20.28	17.25	18.11
Density/(g·mm^–3)	2.7	8.85	7.75	8.90	7.87	8.85
Melting point/K	933	1770	2123	1356	1811	1728
Average atomic/nm	0.1432	0.1363	0.1249	0.1280	0.1270	0.1240
Structure	FCC	HCP	BCC	FCC	BCC	FCC
VEC*	3	9	6	11	8	10
*VEC—valence electron concentration.

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 SLM制备AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的工艺参数

Table 2. Process parameters of fabricating AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs using SLM technique.

工艺参数	取值
Laser thickness (t)/μm	40
Laser power (P)/W	110—150
Scan velocity (v)/(mm·s^–1)	1350—1550
Hatch spacing (h)/μm	50

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 不同激光功率(P)下SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD参数

Table 3. The XRD parameters of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs at different laser power.

P/W	V_BCC/%	V_FCC/%	a_BCC/Å	a_FCC/Å
110	94.89	5.11	2.8709±0.0006	3.6100±0.0006
120	94.38	5.62	2.8726±0.0017	3.6280±0.0007
130	94.24	5.76	2.8752±0.0012	3.6289±0.0017
140	93.41	6.59	2.8762±0.0011	3.6310±0.0023
150	92.04	7.96	2.8763±0.0006	3.6367±0.0014

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 不同扫速(v)下SLM成形态AlCoCrCuFeNi高熵合金的XRD参数

Table 4. The XRD parameters of SLMed AlCoCrCuFeNi HEAs at different laser scanning.

v/(mm·s^–1)	V_BCC/%	V_FCC/%	a_BCC/Å	a_FCC/Å
1350	94.84	5.16	2.8840±0.0029	3.6460±0.0012
1400	94.89	5.11	2.8825±0.0012	3.6289±0.0017
1450	93.75	6.25	2.8810±0.0034	3.6430±0.0006
1500	94.13	5.87	2.8773±0.0015	3.6358±0.0021
1550	93.62	6.38	2.8737±0.0009	3.6297±0.0024

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表 5 不同激光功率下合金的纳米压痕参数

Table 5. Nanoindentation of alloys at different laser power.

P/W	H_max/nm	Nano-hardness/GPa	E/GPa
110	321.5±13.8	8.8±0.9	202.3±8.4
120	322.4±2.1	8.7±0.2	202.5±6.7
130	323.2±13.6	8.7±0.8	208.9±15.6
140	326.8±6.2	8.5±0.5	201.8±2.3
150	332.3±8.4	8.2±0.5	203.8±5.0

DownLoad: CSV

表 6 不同激光扫描速度下合金的纳米压痕参数

Table 6. Nanoindentation of alloys at different laser scanning speed.

v/(mm·s^–1)	H_max/nm	Nano-hardness/GPa	E/GPa
1350	331.0±6.3	8.2±0.4	199.2±10.9
1400	323.2±13.6	8.7±0.8	208.9±15.6
1450	322.3±3.8	8.8±0.2	201.7±8.6
1500	338.7±8.5	7.7±0.4	197.0±7.7
1550	332.3±8.4	8.1±0.5	193.3±5.0

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	严密, 彭晓领 2019 磁学基础与磁性材料 (杭州: 浙江大学出版社)第184页 Yan M, Peng X L 2019 Foudamentals of Magnetics and Magnetic Materials (Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press) p184
[2]	Borkar T, Gwalani B, Choudhuri D, Mikler C V, Yannetta C J, Chen X, Ramanujan R V, Styles M J, Gibson M A, Banerjee R 2016 Acta Mater. 116 63 Google Scholar
[3]	Huang P K, Yeh J W, Shun T T, Chen S K 2004 Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 74 Google Scholar
[4]	Yeh J W, Chen S K, Lin S J, Gan J Y, Chin T S, Shun T T, Tsau C H, Chang S Y 2004 Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 299 Google Scholar
[5]	Cantor B 2014 Entropy 16 4749 Google Scholar
[6]	Taheriniya S, Sonkusare R, Boll T, Divinski S V, Peterlechner M, Rösner H, Wilde G 2024 Acta Mater. 281 120421 Google Scholar
[7]	Liu C, Zhang L C, Wang K, Wang L 2025 Acta Mater. 283 120526 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu Y, Liang J, Guo W, Sun S, Tian Y, Lin H T 2024 J. Adv. Ceram. 13 780 Google Scholar
[9]	Feltrin A C, Hedman D, Akhtar F 2024 J. Adv. Ceram. 13 1268 Google Scholar
[10]	任县利, 张伟伟, 伍晓勇, 吴璐, 王月霞 2020 物理学报 67 046102 Google Scholar Ren X L, Zhang W W, Wu X Y, Wu L, Wang Y X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 046102 Google Scholar
[11]	陈晶晶, 邱小林, 李柯, 周丹, 袁军军 2022 物理学报 71 199601 Google Scholar Cheng J J, Qiu X L, Li K, Zhou D, Yuan J J 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 199601 Google Scholar
[12]	Han L, Maccari F, Souza Filho I R, Peter N J, Wei Y, Gault B, Gutfleisch O, Li Z, Raabe D 2022 Nature 608 310 Google Scholar
[13]	Li Z, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li H, Zhang E, Bai G, Xu H, Liu X, Zhang X 2023 Acta Mater. 254 118970 Google Scholar
[14]	Yu P F, Zhang L J, Cheng H, Zhang H, Ma M Z, Li Y C, Li G, Liaw P K, Liu R P 2016 Intermetallics 70 82 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang M, George E P, Gibeling J C 2021 Scr. Mater. 194 113633 Google Scholar
[16]	Jo M G, Suh J Y, Kim M Y, Kim H J, Jung W S, Kim D I, Han H N 2022 Mater. Sci. Eng. , A 838 142748 Google Scholar
[17]	Cao T, Shang J, Zhao J, Cheng C, Wang R, Wang H 2016 Mater. Lett. 164 344 Google Scholar
[18]	Liu C J, Gadelmeier C, Lu S L, Yeh J W, Yen H W, Gorsse S, Glatzel U, Yeh A C 2022 Acta Mater. 237 118188 Google Scholar
[19]	Xu Z, Zhang H, Li W, Mao A, Wang L, Song G, He Y 2019 Addit. Manuf. 28 766 Google Scholar
[20]	李军, 赵锴, 李波, 赵宇, 郭欢, 韩思远 2024 材料工程 Li J, Zhao K, Li B, Zhao Y, Guo H, Han S Y 2024 J. Mater. Eng. https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.1800.TB.20240918.1046.002
[21]	Wu S, Qiao D, Zhao H, Wang J, Lu Y 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 889 161800 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang M, George E P, Gibeling J C 2021 Acta Mater. 218 117181 Google Scholar
[23]	Miao J, Yao H, Wang J, Lu Y, Wang T, Li T 2022 J. Alloys Compds. 894 162380 Google Scholar
[24]	Zhou J, Liao H, Chen H, Huang A 2021 J. Alloys Compds. 859 157851 Google Scholar
[25]	Karlsson D, Marshal A, Johansson F, Schuisky M, Sahlberg M, Schneider J M, Jansson U 2019 J. Alloys Compds. 784 195 Google Scholar
[26]	Yu Y, Zhao Y, Feng K, Chen R, Han B, Ji K, Qin M, Li Z, Ramamurty U 2024 Mater. Sci. Eng. , A 918 147469 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhao Y, Guo Q, Ma Z, Yu L 2020 Mater. Sci. Eng., A 791 139735 Google Scholar
[28]	Song X, Liaw P K, Wei Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y 2023 Addit. Manuf. 71 103593 Google Scholar
[29]	Özden M G, Freeman F S H B, Morley N A 2023 Adv. Eng. Mater. 25 2300597 Google Scholar
[30]	Hu X, Xu Z, Jia X, Li S, Zhu Y, Xia A 2025 J. Alloys Compds. 1010 177740 Google Scholar
[31]	Manzoni A M, Glatzel U 2019 Mater. Charact. 147 512 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang Y, Li R, Niu P, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Yuan J, Li K 2020 Intermetallics 120 106746 Google Scholar
[33]	Allia P, Baricco M, Tiberto P, Vinai F 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 74 3137 Google Scholar
[34]	张尚洲, 李子福, 王瑞, 孙广宝, 刘国浩, 于鸿垚 2024 航空制造技术 67 14 Google Scholar Zhang S Z, Li Z F, Wang R, Sun G B, Liu G H, Yu H Y 2024 Aeronaut. Manuf. Technol. 67 14 Google Scholar
[35]	Oboz M, Zajdel P, Zubko M, Świec P, Szubka M, Kądziołka-Gaweł M, Maximenko A, Trump B A, Yakovenko A A 2024 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 589 171506 Google Scholar
[36]	Uporov S, Bykov V, Pryanichnikov S, Shubin A, Uporova N 2017 Intermetallics 83 1 Google Scholar
[37]	Brück E H ed. 2017 Handbook of Magnetic Materials (Amsterdam: Elsevier) pp9–11
[38]	Tan X, Chen L, Lü M, Peng W, Xu H 2023 Materials 16 7222 Google Scholar
[39]	徐震霖 2021 博士学位论文(马鞍山: 安徽工业大学) Xu Z L 2021 Ph. D. Dissertation (Ma Anshan: Anhui University of Technology
[40]	Niu P D, Li R D, Yuan T C, Zhu S Y, Chen C, Wang M B, Huang L 2019 Intermetallics 104 24 Google Scholar
[41]	Poisl W H, Oliver W C, Fabes B D 1995 J. Mater. Res. 10 2024 Google Scholar
[42]	Nabarro F R N, De Villiers F 2018 Physics of Creep and Creep-resistant Alloys (London: CRC Press) pp46–81

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Vol. 74, Issue 12 - 2025-06-20

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