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Acoustic black hole (ABH) structures, known for their unique wave-focusing capabilities, have found wide application in the fields of acoustics and vibration. Leveraging this property, this study proposes a novel high-sensitivity hydrophone design incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) ABH structure. Drawing on principles of geometrical acoustics, the wave-converging behavior of bending waves in ABH structures is analogized to acoustic ray bending in underwater acoustics. A simplified theoretical model describing the relationship between the bending wave trajectory and the wave speed gradient in polar coordinates is established for 2D ABH configurations and verified through numerical simulations. Based on this mechanism, a 2D ABH hydrophone is developed by integrating the ABH structure into bending-plate hydrophone, enabling vibration energy concentration and significantly enhancing sensitivity. Comparative studies with hydrophones using uniform-thickness plates and linearly tapered thickness plates as receiving surfaces confirm the superior performance of the ABH hydrophone in the 1.7–5.8 kHz frequency range. To address the pronounced undulations observed in the sensitivity response—attributed to vibration superposition—a liquid cavity of specific length is introduced. This leads to the development of an ABH-Helmholtz-coupled hydrophone (ABHH hydrophone), wherein the first two bending modes of the ABH structure are coupled with the resonant modes of a single-ended open liquid cavity, resulting in broadband reception capability. Prototypes of both hydrophone designs were fabricated and experimentally tested in an anechoic water tank. Results show that both devices achieve peak receiving sensitivities exceeding –169 dB. Notably, the ABHH hydrophone maintains sensitivity fluctuations within 8 dB across the 2.6–5.3 kHz frequency band. This study confirms that 2D ABH structures can effectively enhance hydrophone sensitivity via bending wave convergence and, when coupled with liquid cavity resonators, enable broadband acoustic detection. These findings establish a solid foundation for the application of ABH structures in underwater acoustic transducer design.
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Keywords:
- hydrophone /
- two-dimensional acoustic black hole /
- high sensitivity /
- modal coupling
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