White light illumination and temperature sensing characteristics of Dy3+-doped Ca7NaY(PO4)6 single-matrix phosphor

ZHAO Jin; TU Ruting; LIU Funi; LU Jingwen; FU Yongcheng; WANG Yu; LI Tingzheng; LENG Zhihua

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250886

Abstract
Rare earth-activated phosphors have shown great potential applications in various fields, such as lighting, displays, anti-counterfeiting, and optical thermometry. This study aims to synthesize a series of Dy³⁺-doped Ca₇NaY(PO₄)₆ phosphors through high-temperature solid-state reaction, focusing on developing multifunctional optical materials for lighting and temperature sensing. The phase purity and morphological characteristics of the obtained samples are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Luminescence properties and energy transfer mechanisms are systematically investigated through photoluminescence spectroscopy and fluorescence decay analysis. Under 350-nm near-ultraviolet excitation, the emission intensity of Ca₇NaY(PO₄)₆: Dy³⁺ increases with Dy³⁺ concentration rising until reaching an optimal value at x = 0.07, beyond which concentration quenching occurs. This quenching behavior is attributed to enhanced non-radiative energy transfer at higher Dy³⁺ concentrations, leading to a corresponding decrease in fluorescence lifetime. The optimized Ca₇NaY(PO₄)₆: 0.07Dy³⁺ phosphor displays remarkable thermal stability, retaining 86.9% of its initial emission intensity at 150 ℃. The white light emitting diode(LED) device fabricated using the obtained phosphor and near-UV LED chip shows excellent performance with a correlated color temperature of 5680 K, CIE coordinates of (0.3275, 0.3883) in the white light region and a color rendering index of 85. Furthermore, temperature-dependent fluorescence intensity ratio analysis reveals excellent optical thermometric performance, achieving a maximum relative sensitivity (S_r) of 1.72 %/K. These results indicate that the Ca₇NaY(PO₄)₆: Dy³⁺ phosphor exhibits significant potential applications in single-matrix phosphor-converted white LEDs and high-precision optical optical thermometry.

Keywords:
Dy³⁺ /

phosphor /

light emitting diodes /

optical temperature sensing
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图 1 (a) CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.03, 0.07, 0.11)的XRD图样与标准卡对比图; (b) CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺的精修图谱; (c) 晶体结构图

Figure 1. (a) XRD pattern of CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.03, 0.07, 0.11) compared with standard card; (b) Rietveld refinement of CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺; (c) crystal structure of host.

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图 2 CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺的形态分析 (a)—(f)元素分布图; (g), (h) SEM图; (i) EDS光谱

Figure 2. Morphology analysis of CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺: (a)–(f) Elemental distribution map; (g), (h) SEM images; (i) EDS spectrum.

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图 3 CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01—0.11)样品的荧光光谱　(a) 激发光谱; (b) 发射光谱; (c) 发射光谱对应的等高线图

Figure 3. Fluorescence spectra of CNYO: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01–0.11) samples: (a) Excitation spectra; (b) emission spectra; (c) contour plot corresponding to the emission spectra.

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图 4 (a) CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01—0.11)的三维发射光谱(λ_ex = 350 nm); (b) 积分发射强度与Dy³⁺浓度柱状图; (c) lg(I/x)与lg(x)的线性拟合关系图; (d) 480 nm与571 nm处的相对发光强度

Figure 4. (a) Photoluminescence emission spectra of CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01–0.11) (λ_ex = 350 nm); (b) the histogram between integrated emission intensity and Dy³⁺ concentration; (c) linear fitting diagram of lg(I/x) and lg(x); (d) relative luminescence intensity at 480 nm and 571 nm.

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图 5 (a) CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01—0.11)荧光衰减曲线; (b) 荧光寿命与Dy³⁺掺杂浓度的关系

Figure 5. (a) Lifetime decay curves of CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01–0.11); (b) dependence of the lifetime on the Dy³⁺ concentration.

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图 6 (a) Dy³⁺的能级跃迁图; (b) 彩色光谱图

Figure 6. (a) Energy level diagram of Dy³⁺; (b) color spectrum diagram.

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图 7 (a) CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01—0.11)的CIE坐标; (b) 不同浓度样品的色度坐标值

Figure 7. (a) CIE coordinates of CNYP: xDy³⁺ (x = 0.01–0.11); (b) colorimetric coordinate values of different concentrations.

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图 8 (a) CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺荧光粉在不同温度下的发射光谱; (b) 荧光强度3D图; (c) ln[(I₀/I) – 1]与1/(kT)线性拟合关系; (d) 归一化发光强度随温度变化柱状图

Figure 8. (a) Emission spectra of CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺ phosphors at different temperatures; (b) 3D graph of fluorescence intensity; (c) the linear fitting relationship between ln[(I₀/I) – 1] and 1/(kT); (d) bar chart of normalized luminous intensity varying with temperatures.

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图 9 CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺的量子效率, 插图为部分放大图

Figure 9. Quantum efficiency of CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺, the illustration is a partial enlarged graph.

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图 10 采用365 nm芯片和CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺荧光粉封装的W-LED器件

Figure 10. W-LED device encapsulated with 365 nm chip and CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺ phosphor.

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图 11 (a) CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺荧光粉在440—500 nm波段的发射光谱图 (298—448 K); (b) 452 nm (⁴I_15/2→⁶H_15/2)和480 nm (⁴F_9/2→⁶H_15/2)积分发射强度随温度变化关系; (c) 荧光强度比随温度变化关系; (d) 绝对灵敏度和相对灵敏度随温度变化关系

Figure 11. (a) Emission spectra of the CNYP: 0.07 Dy³⁺ phosphor in the wavelength range of 440–500 nm at different temperatures (298–448 K); (b) the luminous intensity changes of the ⁴I_15/2→⁶H_15/2 and ⁴F_9/2→⁶H_15/2; (c) fluorescence intensity ratio as a function of temperatures; (d) absolute sensitivity and relative sensitivity as a function of temperatures.

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表 1 CNYP: xDy³⁺的色度坐标和CCT色温

Table 1. CNYP(Zhao, Lu et al. 2025): xDy³⁺ chromaticity coordinates and CCT color temperature.

No.	Concentration	x	y	CCT/K
1	0.01	0.3897	0.4375	4219
2	0.03	0.3846	0.4457	4130
3	0.05	0.3894	0.4510	4033
4	0.07	0.3905	0.4529	4015
5	0.09	0.3872	0.4483	4075
6	0.11	0.3865	0.4482	4093

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表 2 以FIR技术为基础的温敏型Dy³⁺激活荧光粉的最大S_r值比较

Table 2. Comparison of maximum S_r values of temperature-sensitive Dy³⁺ activated phosphors based on FIR technique.

Sensing materials	Temperature range/K	S_r _max/(%·K^–1)	References
Ca₇NaY (PO₄)₆: Dy³⁺	298—448	1.72	This work
Ca₅(PO₄)₂SiO₄: Dy³⁺	296—1073	1.75	[2]
KNaCa₂(PO₄)₂: Dy³⁺	90—230/250—500	2.57/0.74	[16]
CaLa₄(SiO₄)₃O: Dy³⁺	298—548	1.67	[23]
Sr₃Ga₂Ge₄O₁₄:Dy³⁺	298—473	0.61	[32]
GdPO₄: Dy³⁺	290—530	1.55	[44]
Ca₃LuAl₃B₄O₁₅: Dy³⁺	300—500	1.46	[45]

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White light illumination and temperature sensing characteristics of Dy³⁺-doped Ca₇NaY(PO₄)₆ single-matrix phosphor

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