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The high-order Hermite-Gaussian (HG) mode squeezed light, as one of the important quantum sources, has significant application in quantum precision measurement and quantum imaging. The enhancement of spatial measurement precision largely depends on the squeezing level of high-order HG-mode quantum states. However, the squeezing level of high-order HG modes is primarily limited by the external pump power in the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) cavity. It is well known that the OPO with double resonance for both squeezed light and pump light enables to lower external pump power. The generation of HG10 mode squeezed light differs from that of HG00 mode squeezed light, with an additional Gouy phase shift introduced between the HG20 pump mode and HG10 down-conversion mode within the OPO cavity. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis and the experimental generation of HG10 mode squeezed light at lower external pump power using a doubly-resonant OPO based on a wedged periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal. By precisely controlling both the propagation length of the optical field and temperature in the wedged PPKTP crystal, we simultaneously compensate for the Gouy phase shift between the HG20 and HG10 modes as well as the astigmatism induced by the frequency-dependent refractive index. This configuration allows double resonance for both the HG20 pump mode and the HG10 squeezed mode while operating close to optimum phase matching conditions. Increasing the reflectivity of the input coupler of OPO cavity enhances the intra-cavity circulating power of the pump light, thereby reducing the required external pump power. Here, the bow-tie-shaped OPO cavity consists of two plane mirrors and two concave mirrors with a radius of curvature of 50 mm. The wedged PPKTP is placed in the smallest beam waist of the cavity. The mode converter is employed to generate high-purity HG20 pump mode with a measured purity of 98.0%. The mode-matching effciency of 93.0% is achieved between the high-purity HG20 pump mode and the OPO cavity. The homodyne visibility of the HG10 mode is 98.1%. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of 9.10 dB HG10 mode squeezed light using a doubly-resonant OPO with only 51 mW of HG20 pump mode, and simultaneously achieve 9.20 dB of squeezing in the HG00 mode with 27 mW of HG00 pump mode. The inferred squeezing level of both HG10 and HG00 mode squeezed light reaches up to 12.15 dB. The quantum technology has solved the pump power limitations in optical parametric oscillators, enabling the generation of high-order HG mode states with high squeezing level and providing an effective method to enhance spatial measurement precision.
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Keywords:
- high-order Hermite-Gaussian mode /
- squeezed state /
- optical parametric oscillator /
- double resonance
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