Nanoscale magnetic field sensing and imaging based on nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond

Wang Cheng-Jie; Shi Fa-Zhan; Wang Peng-Fei; Duan Chang-Kui; Du Jiang-Feng

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180243

Abstract

Magnetic field measurement and imaging with nanometer resolution is a key tool in the study of magnetism. There have been several powerful techniques such as superconducting quantum interference device, hall sensor, electron microscopy, magnetic force microscopy and spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. However, they either have poor sensitivity or resolution, or need severe environment of cryogenic temperature or vacuum. The nitrogen-vacancy color center (NV center) in diamond, serving as a quantum magnetic sensor, has great advantages such as long decoherence time, atomic size, and ambient working conditions. The NV center consists of a substitutional nitrogen atom and an adjacent vacancy in diamond. Its electronic structure of ground state is a spin triplet. The spin state can be initialized to mS=0 state and read out by laser pulse, and coherently manipulated by microwave pulse. It is sensitive to the magnetic field by measuring the magnetic Zeeman splitting or quantum phase in quantum interferometer strategies. By using dynamical decoupling sequence to prolong the decoherence time, the sensitivities approach to nano tesla for a single NV center and pico tesla for the NV center ensemble, respectively. As a sensor with an atomic size, it reaches single-nuclear-spin sensitivity and sub-nanometer spatial resolution. Combining with scanning microscopy technology, it can accomplish high-sensitivity and high-resolution magnetic field imaging so that the stray field can be reconstructed quantitatively. The magnetic field is calculated from the two resonant frequencies by solving the Hamiltonian of NV center in order to obtain the value of stray field. Recently, this novel magnetic imaging technique has revealed the magnetization structures of many important objects in magnetism research. The polarity and chirality of magnetic vortex core are determined by imaging its stray field; laser induced domain wall hopping is observed quantitatively with a nanoscale resolution; non-linear antimagnetic order is imaged in real space by NV center. It was recently reported that magnetization of the magnetic skyrmion is imaged by NV center. The magnetization distribution is reconstructed from stray field imaging. With the topological number limited to one, the Nel type magnetization is uniquely determined. These results show that the magnetic imaging method has great advantages to resolve the emerging magnetic structure materials. The magnetic imaging technology based on the NV center will potentially become an important method to study magnetic materials under continuous development.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
2.
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
3.
Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
4.
Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
5.
Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Wang Peng-Fei, wpf@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB921800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81788101, 11227901, 11544012), the CAS (Grant Nos. GJJSTD20170001, QYZDY-SSW-SLH004), the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies, China (Grant No. AHY050000), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China.

References

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[41]	Du H, Che R, Kong L, Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Yang J, Ning W, Li R, Jin C, Chen X, Zang J, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8504
[42]	Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu G, Peng L, Ding B, Wang Y, Hou Z, Zhang X, Li X, Liu E, Wang S, Cai J, Wang F, Li J, Hu F, Wu G, Shen B, Zhang X X 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 6887
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Cited By

[1]	Kolkowitz S, Unterreithmeier Q P, Bennett S D, Lukin M D 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 137601
[2]	Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles C A, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J 2013 Science 339 561
[3]	Shi F, Zhang Q, Wang P, Sun H, Wang J, Rong X, Chen M, Ju C, Reinhard F, Chen H, Wrachtrup J, Wang J, Du J 2015 Science 347 1135
[4]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Spinicelli P, Dal Savio C, Karrai K, Dantelle G, Thiaville A, Rohart S, Roch J F, Jacques V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 153118
[5]	Lenef A, Rand S C 1996 Phys. Rev. B 53 13441
[6]	Goss J P, Jones R, Briddon P R, Davies G, Collins A T, Mainwood A, van Wyk J A, Baker J M, Newton M E, Stoneham A M, Lawson S C 1997 Phys. Rev. B 56 16031
[7]	Lenef A, Rand S C 1997 Phys. Rev. B 56 16033
[8]	Maze J R, Gali A, Togan E, Chu Y, Trifonov A, Kaxiras E, Lukin M D 2011 New J. Phys. 13 025025
[9]	Acosta V M, Jarmola A, Bauch E, Budker D 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 201202
[10]	Harrison J, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2004 J. Lumin. 107 245
[11]	Harrison J, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2006 Diam. Relat. Mater. 15 586
[12]	Rogers L J, Armstrong S, Sellars M J, Manson N B 2008 New J. Phys. 10 103024
[13]	Manson N, Rogers L, Doherty M, Hollenberg L 2010 arXiv:1011.2840 [cond-mat, physics:quant-ph]
[14]	van Oort E, Manson N B, Glasbeek M 1988 J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 21 4385
[15]	Neumann P 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation. (Stttgart: University Stttgart)
[16]	Hauf M V, Grotz B, Naydenov B, Dankerl M, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Stutzmann M, Reinhard F, Garrido J A 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 081304
[17]	Liu X, Wang G, Song X, Feng F, Zhu W, Lou L, Wang J, Wang H, Bao P 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 233112
[18]	Cui J M, Sun F W, Chen X D, Gong Z J, Guo G C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 153901
[19]	Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Yacoby A, Walsworth R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[20]	Wang P, Yuan Z, Huang P, Rong X, Wang M, Xu X, Duan C, Ju C, Shi F, Du J 2015 Nat.Commun. 6 6631
[21]	Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Hodges J S, Hong S, Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Jiang L, Dutt M V G, Togan E, Zibrov A S, Yacoby A, Walsworth R L, Lukin M D 2008 Nature 455 644
[22]	de Lange G, Rist D, Dobrovitski V V, Hanson R 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 080802
[23]	Wang P, Ju C, Shi F, Du J 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 2920
[24]	Epstein R J, Mendoza F M, Kato Y K, Awschalom D D 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 94
[25]	Gaebel T, Domhan M, Popa I, Wittmann C, Neumann P, Jelezko F, Rabeau J R, Stavrias N, Greentree A D, Prawer S, Meijer J, Twamley J, Hemmer P R, Wrachtrup J 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 408
[26]	Childress L, Dutt M V G, Taylor J M, Zibrov A S, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2006 Science 314 281
[27]	Dutt M V G, Childress L, Jiang L, Togan E, Maze J, Jelezko F, Zibrov A S, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2007 Science 316 1312
[28]	Zhao N, Hu J L, Ho S W, Wan J T K, Liu R B 2011 Nat. Nanotech. 6 242
[29]	Shi F, Kong X, Wang P, Kong F, Zhao N, Liu R B, Du J 2013 Nat. Phys. 10 21
[30]	Mller C, Kong X, Cai J M, Melentijević K, Stacey A, Markham M, Twitchen D, Isoya J, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J F, Plenio M B, Naydenov B, McGuinness L P, Jelezko F 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4703
[31]	Kong X, Stark A, Du J, McGuinness L P, Jelezko F 2015 Phys. Rev. Applied 4 024004
[32]	Maertz B J, Wijnheijmer A P, Fuchs G D, Nowakowski M E, Awschalom D D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 092504
[33]	Balasubramanian G, Chan I Y, Kolesov R, Al-Hmoud M, Tisler J, Shin C, Kim C, Wojcik A, Hemmer P R, Krueger A, Hanke T, Leitenstorfer A, Bratschitsch R, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2008 Nature 455 648
[34]	Maletinsky P, Hong S, Grinolds M S, Hausmann B, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Loncar M, Yacoby A 2012 Nat. Nanotech. 7 320
[35]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Hingant T, Spinicelli P, Roch J F, Jacques V 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2279
[36]	Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Rondin L, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Roch J F, Jacques V 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 214408
[37]	Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Kim J V, Diez L H, Adam J P, Garcia K, Roch J F, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2014 Science 344 1366
[38]	Gross I, Akhtar W, Garcia V, Martnez L J, Chouaieb S, Garcia K, Carrtro C, Barthlmy A, Appel P, Maletinsky P, Kim J V, Chauleau J Y, Jaouen N, Viret M, Bibes M, Fusil S, Jacques V 2017 Nature 549 252
[39]	Grinolds M S, Hong S, Maletinsky P, Luan L, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Yacoby A 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 215
[40]	Dovzhenko Y, Casola F, Schlotter S, Zhou T X, Bttner F, Walsworth R L, Beach G S D, Yacoby A 2016 arXiv:1611.00673 [cond-mat]
[41]	Du H, Che R, Kong L, Zhao X, Jin C, Wang C, Yang J, Ning W, Li R, Jin C, Chen X, Zang J, Zhang Y, Tian M 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8504
[42]	Wang W, Zhang Y, Xu G, Peng L, Ding B, Wang Y, Hou Z, Zhang X, Li X, Liu E, Wang S, Cai J, Wang F, Li J, Hu F, Wu G, Shen B, Zhang X X 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 6887
[43]	van der Sar T, Casola F, Walsworth R, Yacoby A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7886

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