Evolution of electron density of pin-to-plate discharge plasma under atmospheric pressure

Feng Bo-Wen; Wang Ruo-Yu; Ma Yu-Peng-Xue; Zhong Xiao-Xia

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201790

Abstract

Based on the Stark broadening method and the imaging method, the electron densities of the plasma generated at different pulse frequencies, gap distances and inner diameters of the electrodes are diagnosed. The experimental results indicate that reducing the pulse frequency, shortening the gap distance between the electrodes, and using thinner diameter electrode are all in favor of enhancing the electron density. With the help of the global model, we perform the numerical simulation to explore the factors that influence the variation of the electron density. According to the simulations results, we find that the reduced discharge volume results in the increase of electron density with the increase of pulse frequency. When the gap distance between the electrodes is reduced, although the increased absorbed power and the reduced discharge volume both have an effect on the electron density, the reduced discharge volume plays a decisive role in these two factors. Moreover, using a thinner inner diameter electrode can also reduce the discharge volume, which is of benefit to obtaining the plasma with high electron density.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2.
Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Corresponding author: Zhong Xiao-Xia, xxzhong@sjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11675109) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0306304)

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References

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[15]	Podolsky V, Khomenko A, Macheret S 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 10LT02 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang X, Stockett P, Jagannath R, Bane S, Shashurin A 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 07LT02 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 Stark展宽法测量电子密度的相关步骤　(a) H_β谱线的插值处理; (b) 光谱仪测得的氦氖激光器发射光谱; (c) H_β谱线的Stark展宽拟合实例(实验条件: 粗径电极脉冲放电, 频率为5 kHz, 占空比为50%, 电压幅值为2 kV, 气体流量为25 sccm (1 sccm = 1 mL/min)); (d) H_α谱线的半面积Stark展宽拟合实例(实验条件: 细径电极直流放电, 电流幅值为20 mA, 气体流量为25 sccm)

Figure 1. Measurement steps of the electron density by using the Stark broadening method: (a) Interpolation of the H_β line; (b) emission line of the He-Ne laser; (c) fitting of the H_β line (Experimental conditions: pulsed discharge by the larger inner electrode with 5 kHz pulse frequency, 50% duty cycle, 2 kV voltage and 25 sccm gas flow rate); (d) fitting of the H_α line (Experimental conditions: DC discharge by the thinner inner electrode with 20 mA discharge current and 25 sccm gas flow rate).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 拟合OH (A-X)谱带估算气体的转动温度(实验条件: 粗径电极脉冲放电, 频率为8 kHz, 占空比为80%, 电压幅值为2 kV, 气体流量为25 sccm)

Figure 2. Fitting of the OH (A-X) bands to estimate the gas temperature (Experimental conditions: pulsed discharge by the larger inner electrode with 8 kHz pulse frequency, 80% duty cycle, 2 kV voltage and 25 sccm gas flow rate)

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 不同脉冲频率下的等离子体参数测量结果　(a) 等离子体辐射强度分布图; (b) 气体温度; (c) 平均半径; (d) 电子密度

Figure 3. Measurement results of the plasma parameters at different pulse frequencies: (a) Normalized spatially resolved emission intensity; (b) gas temperature; (c) average radius; (d) electron density.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同脉冲频率时等离子体的波形图和基于全局模型的数值模拟结果　(a) 极间电压; (b) 回路电流; (c) 稳态下的电子温度和电子密度数值模拟结果

Figure 4. Waveform and simulated results based on global model at different pulse frequencies: (a) Voltage drop; (b) discharge current; (c) simulated results of the electron temperature and electron density at the steady state.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同电极间距时的等离子体参数测量结果　(a) 等离子体辐射强度分布图; (b) 气体温度; (c) 平均半径; (d) 电子密度

Figure 5. Measurement results of the plasma parameters at different gap distances: (a) Normalized spatially resolved emission intensities; (b) gas temperature; (c) average radius; (d) electron density.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同电极间距时等离子体极间电压和基于全局模型的数值模拟结果　(a) 极间电压; (b) 稳态下的电子温度和电子密度数值模拟结果

Figure 6. Voltage drop and simulated results based on global model at different gap distances: (a) Voltage drop; (b) simulated results of the electron temperature and electron density at the steady state.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 两种不同内径电极放电图片　(a) 电极实物图; (b) 辐射强度分布图

Figure 7. Photographs of the electrodes for two different inner diameters and their plasma images: (a) Photographs of the electrodes; (b) normalized spatially resolved emission intensities.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 两种不同内径电极的放电参数

Table 1. Discharge parameters of two kinds of electrodes with different inner diameters.

放电参数	粗径电极	细径电极
电极内径/mm	1	0.175
气体流量/sccm	25	25
放电电流/mA	20	20
气体温度/K	2736 ± 21	1914 ± 13
等离子体平均半径/μm	238 ± 4.6	170 ± 1.5
电子密度 (图像法)/cm^–3	(4.61 ± 0.13)×10¹⁴	(7.91 ± 0.12)×10¹⁴
电子密度 (Stark展宽法)/cm^-3	(3.73 ± 0.45)×10¹⁴	(6.46 ± 0.68)×10¹⁴

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	邹帅, 唐中华, 吉亮亮, 苏晓东, 辛煜 2012 物理学报 61 075024 Google Scholar Zou S, Tang Z H, Ji L L, Su X D, Xin Y 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 075024 Google Scholar
[2]	Cui R, Han R, Yang K, Zhu W Y, Wang Y Q 1, Zhang Z, Ouyang J T 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 015018 Google Scholar
[3]	辛煜, 狄小莲, 虞一青, 宁兆元 2006 物理学报 55 3494 Google Scholar Xin Y, Di X L, Yu Y Q, Ning Z Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 3494 Google Scholar
[4]	Jiang C, Miles J, Hornef J, Carter C, Adams S 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 28 085009 Google Scholar
[5]	Keudel A V, Gathe S V D 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26 113001 Google Scholar
[6]	刘玉峰, 丁艳军, 彭志敏, 黄宇, 杜艳君 2014 物理学报 63 205205 Google Scholar Liu Y F, Ding Y J, Peng Z M, Huang Y, Du Y J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 205205 Google Scholar
[7]	Sun H, Chang H, Rong M, Wu Y, Zhang H 2020 Phys. Plasmas 27 073508 Google Scholar
[8]	Shukla G, Shah K, Chowdhuri M B, Raj H, Macwan T, Manchanda R, Nagora U C, Tanna R L, Jadeja K A, Patel K, Mayya K B K, Atrey P K, Ghosh J 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 106049 Google Scholar
[9]	Spong D A, Heidbrink W W, Paz-Soldan C, Du X D, Thome K E, Van Zeeland M A, Collins C, Lvovskiy A, Moyer R A, Austin M E, Brennan D P, Liu C, Jaeger E F, Lau C 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 155002 Google Scholar
[10]	Torres J, Jonkers J, van der Sande M J, van der Mullen J J A M, Gamero A, Sola A 2003 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 L55 Google Scholar
[11]	潘成刚, 华学明, 张旺, 李芳, 肖笑 2012 光谱学与光谱分析 32 1739 Google Scholar Pan C G, Hua X M, Zhang W, Li F, Xiao X 2012 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 32 1739 Google Scholar
[12]	Palomares J M, Hübner S, Carbone E A D, de Vries N, van Veldhuizen E M, Sola A, Gamero A, van der Mullen J J A M 2012 Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 73 39 Google Scholar
[13]	Akatsuka H 2019 Adv. Phys. X 4 1592707 Google Scholar
[14]	Feng B W, Zhong X X, Zhang Q, Chen Y F, Sheng Z M, Ostrikov K 2019 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 265203 Google Scholar
[15]	Podolsky V, Khomenko A, Macheret S 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 10LT02 Google Scholar
[16]	Wang X, Stockett P, Jagannath R, Bane S, Shashurin A 2018 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 27 07LT02 Google Scholar
[17]	Dong L, Qi Y, Zhao Z, Li Y 2008 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 17 015015 Google Scholar
[18]	杨涓, 许映乔, 朱良明 2008 物理学报 57 1788 Google Scholar Yang J, Xu Y Q, Zhu L M 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1788 Google Scholar
[19]	Seo S H, In J H, Chang H Y 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 256 Google Scholar
[20]	Donkó Z, Hamaguchi S, Gans T 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 28 075004 Google Scholar
[21]	Nikiforov A Y, Leys C, Gonzalez M A, Walsh J L 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol 24 034001 Google Scholar
[22]	Balcon N, Aanesland A, Boswell R 2007 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 16 217 Google Scholar
[23]	Xiao D, Cheng C, Shen J, Lan Y, Xie H, Shu X, Meng Y, Li J, Chu P K 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 053510 Google Scholar
[24]	Qian M, Ren C, Wang D, Zhang J, Wei G 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 107 063303 Google Scholar
[25]	Konjević N, Ivković M, Sakan N 2012 Spectrochim Acta, Part B 76 16 Google Scholar
[26]	Czernichowski A, Chapelle J 1985 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. 33 427 Google Scholar
[27]	Gigosos M A, González M Á, Cardeñoso V N 2003 Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 58 1489 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhu X M, Walsh J L, Chen W C, Pu Y K 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 295201 Google Scholar
[29]	Donnelly V M, Malyshev M V 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 2467 Google Scholar
[30]	Bruggeman P, Sadeghi N, Schram D, Linss V 2014 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 23 023001 Google Scholar
[31]	Bruggeman P, Iza F, Guns P, Lauwers D, Kong M G, Gonzalvo Y A, Leys C, Schram D C 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 015016 Google Scholar
[32]	Doyle S J, Xu K G 2017 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88 023114 Google Scholar
[33]	Lieberman M A, Lichtenberg A J 2005 Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons) p390
[34]	卡兰塔罗夫著 (陈汤铭译) 1992 电感计算手册 (北京: 机械工业出版社) 第83页 Калантаров П Л (translated by Chen T M) 1992 Inductance Calculation Manual (Beijing: China Machine Press) p83 (in Chinese)
[35]	Hurlbatt A, Gibson A R, Schröter S, Bredin J, Foote A P S, Grondein P, O’Connell D, Gans T 2017 Plasma Processes Polym. 14 1600138 Google Scholar
[36]	Feng B W, Zhong X X, Zhang Q, Chen Y F, Wang R Y, Ostrikov K 2020 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 29 085017 Google Scholar
[37]	Daksha M, Derzsi A, Wilczek S, Trieschmann J, Mussenbrock T, Awakowicz P, Donkó Z, Schulze J 2017 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26 085006 Google Scholar
[38]	Gudmundsson J, Lieberman M 2002 Technical Report RH-21-2002
[39]	He J, Hu J, Liu D, Zhang Y T 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 035008 Google Scholar
[40]	Sun J, Wang Q, Ding Z, Li X, Wang D 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 123502 Google Scholar
[41]	Adams S, Miles J, Ombrello T, Brayfield R, Lefkowitz J 2019 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 355203 Google Scholar
[42]	Ashida S, Lee C, Lieberman M A 1995 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 13 2498 Google Scholar

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