Tip-sample interactions in terahertz scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy and its influences

Zhang Zhuo-Cheng; Wang Yue-Ying; Zhang Xiao-Qiu-Yan; Zhang Tian-Yu; Xu Xing-Xing; Zhao Tao; Gong Yu-Bin; Wei Yan-Yu; Hu Min

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20211715

Abstract

Terahertz scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), as an important means to break through the limits of conventional optical diffraction, can achieve super-resolution imaging on a nanoscale and has a wide range of applications in biological nano-imaging, terahertz nano-spectroscopy, nanomaterials imaging, and the study of polarized excitations. As an important component of the terahertz s-SNOM, the atomic force microscope tip plays a key role in implementing the near-field excitation, detection, and enhancement. However, the tip-sample interaction can greatly affect the results. In this paper, the effects of tip-sample interaction on near-field excitation, near-field detection, and terahertz near-field spectrum in terahertz s-SNOM are revealed through simulations and experiments. First, the wave vector coupling weight of the near field excited by the tip is investigated, and it is found that the wave vector is concentrated mainly on the order of 10⁵ cm^–1, which differs from that of the general terahertz excitations by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude, indicating that the terahertz near field is difficult to excite terahertz excitations. Secondly, through theoretical and experimental studies, it is found that the metal tip interferes with the surface near-field of the graphene disk structure, which indicates the limitations of the terahertz s-SNOM in probing the near-field distribution of the structure. Finally, the influence of the tip on the near-field spectrum is studied. It is found that the tip length and cantilever length are important parameters affecting the near-field spectrum, and the influence of the tip on the near-field spectrum can be reduced by increasing the tip length or cantilever length.

Keywords:

tip-sample interactions /
terahertz near-field spectrum

Authors and contacts

1.
Terahertz Science and Technology Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Terahertz Technology, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610054, China

Corresponding author: Hu Min, hu_m@uestc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0701000, 2020YFA0714001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61988102, 61921002, 62071108), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China (Grant Nos. ZYGX2020J003, ZYGX2020ZB007).

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References

[1]	Alonso-Gonzalez P, Nikitin A Y, Gao Y, Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Principi A, Forcellini N, Yan W, Velez S, Huber A J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Polini M, Hone J, Koppens F H L, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 31 Google Scholar
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[22]	Zhang J, Chen X, Mills S, Ciavatti T, Yao Z, Mescall R, Hu H, Semenenko V, Fei Z, Li H, Perebeinos V, Tao H, Dai Q, Du X, Liu M 2018 ACS Photonics 5 2645 Google Scholar
[23]	Ahn J S, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Kim D S, Lee K G 2009 Opt. Express 17 2280 Google Scholar
[24]	Neuman T, Alonso-González P, Garcia-Etxarri A, Schnell M, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2015 Laser Photonics Rev. 9 637 Google Scholar
[25]	Cvitkovic A, Ocelic N, Hillenbrand R 2007 Opt. Express 15 8550 Google Scholar
[26]	Maissen C, Chen S, Nikulina E, Govyadinov A, Hillenbrand R 2019 ACS Photonics 6 1279 Google Scholar
[27]	Siday T, Hale L L, Hermans R I, Mitrofanov O 2020 ACS Photonics 7 596 Google Scholar
[28]	Mastel S, Lundeberg M B, Alonso-Gonzale P, Gao Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Koppen F H L, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6526 Google Scholar
[29]	Siday T, Natrella M, Wu J, Liu H, Mitrofanov O 2017 Opt. Express 25 27874 Google Scholar
[30]	Moon K, Park H, Kim J, Do Y, Lee S, Lee G, Kang H, Han H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 549 Google Scholar
[31]	Moon K, Do Y, Park H, Kim J, Kang H, Lee G, Lim J H, Kim J W, Han H 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 169158 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang Y Y, Hu M, Zhang Z C, Zhang T Y, Gong S, Wang W, Liu S G 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) Maison de la Chimie, France, September 1−6, 2019 pp1,2

Cited By

图 1 太赫兹s-SNOM示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of SNOM.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a)近场耦合权重; (b)石墨烯色散曲线

Figure 2. (a) Near-field coupling weight; (b) graphene dispersion curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a)石墨烯圆盘结构的仿真模型示意图; (b), (c) 在0.1和1 THz石墨烯圆盘结构表面的|E_z|分布图

Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of simulation of graphene disk; (b), (c) electric field |E_z| contour of graphene disk at 0.1 and 1 THz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 石墨烯圆盘结构的太赫兹近场成像　(a)石墨烯圆盘的AFM形貌图; (b)−(d)石墨烯圆盘的太赫兹近场一阶、二阶、三阶成像

Figure 4. THz near-field imaging of graphene disk: (a) AFM topography of graphene disk; (b)−(d) THz near-field imaging of graphene disk with 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd harmonics.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同长度探针的仿真结果　(a)时域谱; (b)频域谱; (c)仿真模型

Figure 5. Simulation results of tips of different length: (a) Time domain signal; (b) frequency domain signal; (c) schematic diagram of simulation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同长度悬臂的探针的仿真结果　(a)时域谱; (b)频域谱; (c)仿真模型; (d)长悬臂探针的时域谱; (e)长悬臂探针的频域谱

Figure 6. Simulation results of tips of different cantilever length: (a) Time domain signal; (b) frequency domain signal; (c) schematic diagram of simulation; (d) time domain signal of long cantilever tip; (e) frequency domain signal of long cantilever tip.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Alonso-Gonzalez P, Nikitin A Y, Gao Y, Woessner A, Lundeberg M B, Principi A, Forcellini N, Yan W, Velez S, Huber A J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Casanova F, Hueso L E, Polini M, Hone J, Koppens F H L, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol. 12 31 Google Scholar
[2]	Soltani A, Kuschewski F, Bonmann M, Generalov A, Vorobiev A, Ludwig F, Wiecha M M, Cibiraite D, Walla F, Winnerl S, Kehr S C, Eng L M, Stake J, Roskos H G 2020 Light Sci. Appl. 9 97 Google Scholar
[3]	Stinson H T, Sternbach A, Najera O, Jing R, Mcleod A S, Slusar T V, Mueller A, Anderegg L, Kim H T, Rozenberg M, Basov D N 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1 Google Scholar
[4]	Yang Z, Tang D, Hu J, Tang M, Zhang M, Cui H L, Wang L, Chang C, Fan C, Li J, Wang H 2020 Small 17 2005814 Google Scholar
[5]	Shigekawa H, Yoshida S, Takeuchi O 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 815 Google Scholar
[6]	McLeod A S, Kelly P, Goldflam M D, Gainsforth Z, Westphal A J, Dominguez G, Thiemens M H, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2014 Phys. Rev. B 90 085136 Google Scholar
[7]	Babicheva V E, Gamage S, Stockman M I, Abate Y 2017 Opt. Express 25 23935 Google Scholar
[8]	Chen X, Liu X, Guo X, Chen S, Hu H, Nikulina E, Ye X, Yao Z, Bechtel H A, Martin M C, Carr G L, Dai Q, Zhuang S, Hu Q, Zhu Y, Hillenbrand R, Liu M, You G 2020 ACS Photonics 7 687 Google Scholar
[9]	Mooshammer F, Plankl M, Siday T, Zizlsperger M, Sandner F, Vitalone R, Jing R, Huber M A, Basov D N, Huber R 2021 Opt. Lett. 46 3572 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhang Z, Hu M, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Xu X, Zhao T, Wu Z, Zhong R, Liu D, Wei Y, Gong Y, Liu S 2021 Appl. Phys. Express 14 102004 Google Scholar
[11]	Zayats A V, Smolyaninov, I I 2003 J. Opt. A-Pure and Appl. Op. 5 S16 Google Scholar
[12]	Fei Z, Andreev G O, Bao W, Zhang L M, McLeod A S, Wang C, Stewart M K, Zhao Z, Dominguez G, Thiemens M, Fogler M M, Tauber M J, Castro-Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2011 Nano Lett. 11 4701 Google Scholar
[13]	Fei Z, Rodin A S, Andreev G O, Bao W, McLeod A S, Wagner M, Zhang L M, Zhao Z, Thiemens M, Dominguez G, Fogler M M, Castro Neto A H, Lau C N, Keilmann F, Basov D N 2012 Nature 487 82 Google Scholar
[14]	Fei Z, Goldflam M D, Wu J S, Dai S, Wagner M, McLeod A S, Liu M K, Post K W, Zhu S, Janssen G C A M, Fogler M M, Basov D N 2015 Nano Lett. 15 8271 Google Scholar
[15]	Luo W, Cai W, Xiang Y, Wu W, Shi B, Jiang X, Zhang N, Ren M, Zhang X, Xu J 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1701083 Google Scholar
[16]	Duan J, Capote-Robayna N, Taboada-Gutierrez J, Alvarez-Perez G, Prieto I, Martin-Sanchez J, Nikitin A Y, Alonso-Gonzalez P 2020 Nano Lett. 20 5323 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhang Y, Hu C, Lyu B, Li H, Ying Z, Wang L, Deng A, Luo X, Gao Q, Chen J, Du J, Shen P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kang J H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Shi Z 2020 Nano Lett. 20 2770 Google Scholar
[18]	Venuthurumilli P K, Wen X L, Iyer V, Chen Y P, Xu X F 2019 ACS Photonics 6 2492 Google Scholar
[19]	Gerber J A, Berweger S, O'Callahan B T, Raschke M B 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 055502 Google Scholar
[20]	Carney P S, Deutsch B, Govyadinov A A, Hillenbrand R 2012 ACS Nano 6 8 Google Scholar
[21]	段嘉华, 陈佳宁 2019 物理学报 68 110701 Google Scholar Duan J H, Chen J N 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 110701 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhang J, Chen X, Mills S, Ciavatti T, Yao Z, Mescall R, Hu H, Semenenko V, Fei Z, Li H, Perebeinos V, Tao H, Dai Q, Du X, Liu M 2018 ACS Photonics 5 2645 Google Scholar
[23]	Ahn J S, Kihm H W, Kihm J E, Kim D S, Lee K G 2009 Opt. Express 17 2280 Google Scholar
[24]	Neuman T, Alonso-González P, Garcia-Etxarri A, Schnell M, Hillenbrand R, Aizpurua J 2015 Laser Photonics Rev. 9 637 Google Scholar
[25]	Cvitkovic A, Ocelic N, Hillenbrand R 2007 Opt. Express 15 8550 Google Scholar
[26]	Maissen C, Chen S, Nikulina E, Govyadinov A, Hillenbrand R 2019 ACS Photonics 6 1279 Google Scholar
[27]	Siday T, Hale L L, Hermans R I, Mitrofanov O 2020 ACS Photonics 7 596 Google Scholar
[28]	Mastel S, Lundeberg M B, Alonso-Gonzale P, Gao Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Koppen F H L, Nikitin A Y, Hillenbrand R 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6526 Google Scholar
[29]	Siday T, Natrella M, Wu J, Liu H, Mitrofanov O 2017 Opt. Express 25 27874 Google Scholar
[30]	Moon K, Park H, Kim J, Do Y, Lee S, Lee G, Kang H, Han H 2015 Nano Lett. 15 549 Google Scholar
[31]	Moon K, Do Y, Park H, Kim J, Kang H, Lee G, Lim J H, Kim J W, Han H 2019 Sci. Rep. 9 169158 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang Y Y, Hu M, Zhang Z C, Zhang T Y, Gong S, Wang W, Liu S G 2019 44th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz) Maison de la Chimie, France, September 1−6, 2019 pp1,2

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