Upconversion luminescence characteristics of Ho<sup>3+</sup> ion doped single-particle fluoride micron core-chell structure

Gao Wei; Sun Ze-Yu; Guo Li-Chun; Han Shan-Shan; Chen Bin-Hui; Han Qing-Yan; Yan Xue-Wen; Wang Yong-Kai; Liu Ji-Hong; Dong Jun

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211719

Abstract

Constructing core-shell structures can effectively reduce the surface quenching effect of luminescent materials, which becomes an effective method to enhance upconversion luminescence. In this work, a series of NaLnF₄@NaLnF₄ (Ln = Y³⁺, Yb³⁺, Ho³⁺) core-shell microcrystals is successfully synthesized based on epitaxial growth technology, thereby enhancing and regulating the upconversion emission of Ho³⁺ ions. The results of the XRD and SEM indicate that the NaLnF₄@NaLnF₄ core-shell microcrystal possesses a pure hexagonal-phase crystal structure with a rod-like shape. Meanwhile, it is found that the epitaxial growth direction of the micro-shell is not affected by the crystal characteristics in the core, but determined by the crystal characteristics of the shell. Under 980 nm near-infrared laser excitation, the upconversion luminescence properties of single microrods with different core-shell structures are investigated via a confocal microscope spectroscopy. It is found that in the NaLnF₄ micro-crystal, the coated NaYF₄ inert shell can also effectively reduce the quenching effect on the surface of the micro-crystal for enhancing upconversion emission. When the Yb³⁺ ions are introduced into NaYF₄ or NaYbF₄ active shell that is coated, the Yb³⁺ ions in the shell can effectively transfer excitation energy to Yb³⁺ in the core through energy migration, and then establish new energy transfer channels, thereby realizing the Ho³⁺ ion luminescence enhancement. For NaHoF₄@NaYbF₄ core-shell microrods, the Yb³⁺ in the shell can transfer more excitation energy to Ho³⁺ ions at the adjacent interface for enhancing the overall luminescence intensity, and its higher red-green ratio is mainly due to the cross-relaxation process occurring between the Ho³⁺ ions at high doping concentration of Ho³⁺ in the NaHoF₄ core. Meanwhile, the luminescence process of the micron core-shell system is further confirmed based on the luminescence characteristics of different structures and the dynamic luminescence process. It can be seen that constructing different micron core-shell structures and introducing sensitizing ions, can not only effectively enhance the luminous intensity of the micron materials, but also adjust the output color. Therefore, this research is an important experimental reference for enhancing the luminous intensity of the micron system and the precise adjustment of luminescence, and can effectively expand the applications of micron crystals in the fields of displays, micron lasers and anti-counterfeiting.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China

Corresponding author: Gao Wei, gaowei@xupt.edu.cn ; Dong Jun, dongjun@xupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12004303, 62005213), the Shaanxi Provincial Research Plan for Young Scientific and Technological New Stars, China (Grant No. 2021KJXX-45), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2019JQ-864), the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 2020GY-101, 2020GY-127), the Xi’an Science and Technology Innovation Talent Service Enterprise Project, China (Grant Nos. 2020KJRC0107, 2020KJRC0112), and the Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, China (Grant No. CXJJLZ2019031).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺与NaHoF₄微米晶体及其相应核壳结构的XRD图谱

Figure 1. The XRD patterns of NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺ microcrystals and NaHoF₄ microcrystals with corresponding core-shell (CS) microcrystals.

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图 2 (a)—(f) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺ /2%Ho³⁺ 及(a1)—(c1) NaHoF₄包覆不同壳层结构微米棒的SEM及其相应的mapping图

Figure 2. The SEM images and element mappings of Y, Yb, Ho of (a)–(f) NaYF₄: 20%Yb³⁺ /2%Ho³⁺ microrods and (a1)–(c1) NaHoF₄ microrods with corresponding CS microrods.

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图 3 共聚焦显微光谱测试装置示意图(M1, M2, 半透半反镜; L1, L2, 透镜)

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of confocal microscopy setup (M1, M2, semi-transparent and semi-reflective mirrors; L1, L2, lenses).

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图 4 在980 nm激发下, 单个NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺及其核壳微米棒的(a)上转换发射光谱, (b)蓝光、绿光和红光的发射峰面积, (c)红绿比和(d) CIE 色度坐标图

Figure 4. (a) The UC emission spectra, (b) the peak area of the bule, green and red emission intensity, (c) R/G ratio and (d) CIE chromaticity diagram of the single NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺ microrod with corresponding CS microrod under the excitation of a 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser.

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图 5 在980 nm激光激发下, (a) 单颗粒NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺ 和(b) NaHoF₄微米棒及其相应核壳微米棒的上转换(UC)发射光谱(插图为其相应的红绿比及发光照片)

Figure 5. The UC emission spectra of the single (a) NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺ and (b) NaHoF₄ microrod with corresponding CS microrod under the excitation of a 980 nm NIR laser (The insert is corresponding optical micrographs and R/G ratio).

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图 6 在980 nm激光激发下, Ho³⁺离子与Yb³⁺离子在不同核壳微米结构中的能量传递与其可能的辐射及无辐射跃迁过程　(a) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄微米核壳结构; (b) NaHoF₄@NaYbF₄ 微米核壳结构

Figure 6. Possible energy transfer, radiation and no-radiation processes between Yb³⁺ and Ho³⁺, in the (a) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄ and (b) NaHoF₄@NaYbF₄ CS structures

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图 7 单颗粒微米棒与泵浦功率的依赖关系　(a), (b) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺微米棒; (c), (d) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺核壳微米棒; (e), (f) NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄核壳微米棒

Figure 7. Pump power dependences of the single-particle microrod: (a), (b) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺ microrod; (c), (d) NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄ CS microrod; (e), (f) NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄ CS microrod.

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图 8 在 980 nm脉冲激光激发下, 不同的(a), (b) NaYF₄及(c), (d) NaHoF₄核壳微米棒中Ho³⁺离子⁵F₅能级(b), (d)及其⁵S₂能级(a), (c)的辐射衰减寿命曲线图

Figure 8. Decay curves of the (b), (d) ⁵F₅ and (a), (c) ⁵S₂ levels in (a), (b) NaYF₄ and (c), (d) NaHoF₄ microrod with corresponding CS microrods under the excitation of a 980 nm NIR pulse laser.

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表 1 水热法制备微米晶体所需药品的详细参数

Table 1. Detailed parameters of the chemical reagents required for the preparation of microcrystals by hydrothermal method.

样品	EDTA /g	RE(NO₃)₃/ mmol	NaF/ mmol	NH₄HF₂/mmol
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/ 2%Ho³⁺	0.282	0.75	2.5	3
NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺	0.282	0.75	2.5	3
NaHoF₄	0.282	0.75	2.5	3

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表 2 水热法制备微米核壳晶体的所需药品的详细参数

Table 2. Detailed parameters of the chemical reagents required for the preparation of the core-shell microcrystal by hydrothermal method.

样品	Seed crystals quality/g	EDTA/mmol	RE(NO₃)₃/mmol	NaF/mmol	NH₄HF₂/mmol
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄	0.1494	0.75	0.75	2.5	3
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@NaYbF₄	0.1494	0.75	0.75	2.5	3
NaYbF₄:2%Ho³⁺@NaYF₄	0.1228	0.75	0.50	2.5	3
NaHoF₄@NaYF₄	0.1995	0.75	0.75	2.5	3
NaHoF₄@NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺	0.1995	0.75	0.75	2.5	3
NaHoF₄@NaYbF₄	0.1995	0.75	0.75	2.5	3

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 在980 nm 脉冲激发光下, NaYF₄与NaHoF₄核壳微米棒核壳纳米晶体中的Ho³⁺离子⁵F₅能级及⁵S₂能级的辐射寿命值

Table 3. Luminescence lifetimes of the ⁵F₅ and ⁵S₂ levels in NaYF₄ and NaHoF₄ microrod with corresponding CS microrods under the excitation of a 980 nm NIR pulse laser.

Samples	Lifetime/μs
Samples	⁵S₂: 541 nm	⁵F₅: 645 nm
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺	201.3	367.7
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@ NaYF₄	298.6	445.1
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@ NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺	380.4	529.3
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@ NaYF₄:40%Yb³⁺	472.3	682.1
NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺/2%Ho³⁺@ NaYF₄:80%Yb³⁺	416.5	573.4
NaHoF₄@NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺	167.4	247.3
NaHoF₄@NaYbF₄	236.6	318.6

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Deng R R, Qin F, Chen R F, Huang W, Hong M H, Liu X G 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 237 Google Scholar
[2]	Gong G, Song Y, Tan H H, Xie S W, Zhang C F, Xu L J, Xu J X, Zheng J 2019 Compos. Part B-Eng. 179 107504 Google Scholar
[3]	Park Y I, Lee K T, Suh Y D, Hyeon T H 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 1302 Google Scholar
[4]	Zheng W, Huang P, Tu D T, Ma E, Zhu H M, Chen X Y 2015 Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 1379 Google Scholar
[5]	Wang J, Wei T, Li X Y, Zhang B H, Wang J X, Huang C, Yuan Q 2014 Angew. Chem. 126 1642 Google Scholar
[6]	Wang Y H, Ohwaki. J 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 3268 Google Scholar
[7]	Rakov N, Maciel G S, Sundheimer M L, Menezes L D S, Gomes A S L, Messaddeq Y, Cassanjes F C, Poirier G, Ribeiro S J L 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 6337 Google Scholar
[8]	Su Q Q, Han S Y, Xie X J, Zhu H M, Chen H Y, Chen C K, Liu R S, Chen X Y, Wang F, Liu X G 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 20849 Google Scholar
[9]	Wang Y D, Yang Z W, Ma Y J, Chai Z Z, Qiu J B, Song Z G 2017 J. Mater. Chem. C 5 8535 Google Scholar
[10]	Dong J, Gao W, Han Q Y, Wang Y K, Qi J X, Yan X W, Sun M T 2019 Rev. Phys. 4 100026 Google Scholar
[11]	Tian Q, Tao K, Sun K 2013 Micro Nano Lett. 8 731 Google Scholar
[12]	Homann C, Krukewitt L, Frenzel F, Grauel B, Würth C, Resch-Genger U, Haase M 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57 8765 Google Scholar
[13]	Choi J E, Kim D, Jang H S 2019 Chem. Commun. 55 2261 Google Scholar
[14]	Ju D D, Song F, Han Y D, Zhang J, Song F F, Zhou A H, Huang W, Zadkov V 2019 J. Alloy. Compd. 787 1120 Google Scholar
[15]	Jiao X F, Ye W H, Huang Q Y, Luo J, Yu L L, Liu X T 2020 J. Rare Earth 38 697 Google Scholar
[16]	Gao W, Sun Z Y, Han Q Y, Han S S, Cheng X T, Wang Y K, Yan X W, Dong J 2021 J. Alloy. Compd. 857 157578 Google Scholar
[17]	Gai S L, Li C X, Yang P P, Lin J 2014 Chem. Rev. 114 2343 Google Scholar
[18]	Gao W, Zheng H R, Han Q Y, He E J, Wang R B 2014 CrystEngComm. 16 6697 Google Scholar
[19]	高伟, 王博扬, 孙泽煜, 高露, 张晨雪, 韩庆艳, 董军 2020 物理学报 69 034207 Google Scholar Gao W, Wang B Y, Sun Z Y, Gao L, Zhang C X, Han Q Y, Dong J 2020 Acta Phys Sin 69 034207 Google Scholar
[20]	Gao D L, Zhang X Y, Gao W, 2013 ACS Appl. Mat. Inter. 5 9732 Google Scholar
[21]	Zhang Y H, Huang L, Liu X G 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 5718 Google Scholar
[22]	Chen B, Sun T Y, Qiao X S, Fan X P, Wang F 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 1577 Google Scholar
[23]	Tong L M, Lu E, Pichaandi J, Zhao G Y, Winnik M A 2016 J. Phys. Chem. C 120 6269
[24]	Zhang Y H, Huang L, Liu X G, 2016 Angew. Chem. 128 5812 Google Scholar
[25]	董军, 张晨雪, 程小同, 邢宇, 韩庆艳, 严学文, 祁建霞, 刘继红, 杨祎, 高伟 2021 物理学报 70 154208 Google Scholar Dong J, Zhang C X, Cheng X T, Xing Y, Han Q Y, Yan X W, Qi J X, Liu J H, Yang Y, Gao W 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 154208 Google Scholar
[26]	Gao W, Zheng H R, Han Q Y, He E J, Gao F Q, Wang R B 2014 J. Mater. Chem. C 2 5327 Google Scholar
[27]	Sangeetha N M, van Veggel F C J M 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 14702 Google Scholar
[28]	Pilch A, Würth C, Kaiser M, Wawrzyńczyk D, Kurnatowska M, Arabasz S, Prorok K, Samoć M, Strek W, Resch-Genger U, Bednarkiewicz A 2017 Small 13 1701635 Google Scholar
[29]	Gao W, Kong X Q, HanQ Y, ChenY, ZhangJ, Zhao X, Yan X W, Liu J H, Shi J, Dong J 2018 J. Lumin. 202 381 Google Scholar
[30]	Gao D L, Zhang X Y, Zheng H R, Gao W, He E J, 2013 J. Alloy. Compd. 554 395 Google Scholar
[31]	Shi F, Wang J S, Zhai X S, Zhao D, Qin W P, 2011 CrystEngComm 13 3782 Google Scholar
[32]	Jiang Y F, Shen R S, Li X P, Zhang J S, Zhong H, Tian Y, Sun J S, Cheng L H, Zhong H Y, Chen B J 2012 Ceram. Int. 38 5045 Google Scholar
[33]	Auzel F 2004 Chem. Rev 104 139 Google Scholar

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Vol. 71, Issue 3 - 2022-02-05

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Upconversion luminescence characteristics of Ho³⁺ ion doped single-particle fluoride micron core-chell structure

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Corresponding author: Gao Wei, gaowei@xupt.edu.cn ; Dong Jun, dongjun@xupt.edu.cn

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Upconversion luminescence characteristics of Ho3+ ion doped single-particle fluoride micron core-chell structure

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Corresponding author: Gao Wei, gaowei@xupt.edu.cn ; Dong Jun, dongjun@xupt.edu.cn

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Upconversion luminescence characteristics of Ho³⁺ ion doped single-particle fluoride micron core-chell structure