Enhanced microwave absorption performance of large-sized monolayer two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx based on loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Xiao Yi-Yao; He Jia-Hao; Chen Nan-Kun; Wang Chao; Song Ning-Ning

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20231200

Abstract

With the rapid development of electronic equipment, electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation pollution have become serious problems, because excessive electromagnetic interference will not only affect normal operation of electronic equipment but also do great harm to human health. In general, an ideal material for microwave absorption with the characteristics of high reflection loss (RL) intensity, wide effective absorption band (EAB), thin thickness, and lightweight could effectively consume electromagnetic wave (EMW) energy. Therefore, it is crucial to search for such an ideal microwave absorption material to deal with the electromagnetic radiation pollution. Two-dimensional (2D) carbon/nitride MXene has received more and more attention in recent years, because excellent electrical conductivity and rich surface-functional groups in MXene show positive effects on electromagnetic wave absorption. However, as a non-magnetic material with only dielectric loss, MXene exhibits obvious impedance mismatch, which greatly limits its practical applications. Combining MXene with magnetic materials becomes a hotspot for the exploration of ideal microwave absorption materials. As a typical ferrite, Fe₃O₄ shows excellent soft magnetic properties such as high saturation magnetization, high chemical stability, and simple preparation. In this paper, the 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite is successfully prepared by hydrothermal method and simple electrostatic adsorption process. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are uniformly anchored on the surface of large-sized monolayer Ti₃C₂T_x, which effectively reduces the stacking of MXene. By regulating the proportion of magnetic materials, the microwave absorption performance of 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite is investigated. With the content of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite increasing from 4 mg to 8 mg, the microwave absorption performance is enhanced obviously. This is caused by the abundant Fe₃O₄/Ti₃C₂T_x interface, scattering channels, point defect, charge density difference in 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite, and the optimized impedance matching. The minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite reaches –69.31 dB at a frequency of 16.19 GHz, and the effective absorption band (EAB) achieves 3.39 GHz. With the content of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles further increasing to 10 mg, the microwave absorption performance shows a decreasing trend. Excessive Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite lead to the decrease of electrical conductivity and thus the impedance dis-matching and dielectric loss decreasing, which leads the microwave absorption performance to decrease. Radar scattering cross section (RCS) is a physical quantity that evaluates the intensity of the scattered echo energy in the intercepted electromagnetic wave energy. The results of the RCS simulation can be applied to real objects which have been widely utilized in radar wave stealth. Its multi-angle simulation results can be used as an important basis for evaluating the stealth capability of microwave-absorbing material. The RCS simulations show that the average RCS value of 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composite is over –47.92 dBm² at an incidence angle of 25°, demonstrating its excellent radar wave absorption performance. This study provides new ideas for improving and practically using two-dimensional and magnetic materials in the microwave absorption field and gives a new path to the subsequent development of microwave-absorbing composites.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China

Corresponding author: Song Ning-Ning, songnn@buct.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51872021).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 二维Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x复合材料制备过程示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of preparation process for 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composites.

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图 2 (a)单层二维Ti₃C₂T_x的SEM图; (b) Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的SEM图; (c), (d)二维Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x复合材料的SEM图; (e)二维Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x复合材料的TEM图, 插图为Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的HRTEM图; (f), (g) Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒和Fe₃O₄纳米微球的粒径分布图; (h)元素映射图

Figure 2. SEM image of (a) single layer Ti₃C₂T_x, (b) Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and (c), (d) 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composites; (e) TEM image of 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composites, inset shows HRTEM image of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle; (f), (g) particle size distributions of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and Fe₃O₄ nanomicrospheres; (h) elemental mapping.

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图 3 (a)不同阶段产物的XRD图; (b)二维 Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x复合纳米片、(c) Fe 2p、(d) O 1s、(e) Ti 2p、(f) C 1s的XPS光谱

Figure 3. (a) XRD patterns of the products at different stages; (b) XPS survey spectra of 2D Fe₃O₄@Ti₃C₂T_x composites, (c) Fe 2p, (d) O 1s, (e) Ti 2p, and (f) C 1s.

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图 4 FT-4, FT-6, FT-8, FT-10样品的相对复介电常数和相对复磁导率　(a), (b)复介电常数的实部和虚部; (c)介电损耗角正切; (d), (e)复数磁导率的实部和虚部; (f)磁损耗角正切

Figure 4. (a), (b) Real and imaginary parts of the permittivity, (c) dielectric loss tangent of FT-4, FT-6, FT-8, and FT-10 samples; (d), (e) real and imaginary parts of the complex permeability, (f) magnetic loss tangent of FT-4, FT-6, FT-8, and FT-10 samples.

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图 5 (a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, (d) FT-10的Cole-Cole曲线, 以及4个样品的(e)C₀曲线和(f)衰减常数α

Figure 5. Cole-Cole plot for (a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, and (d) FT-10 samples; (e) C₀ curves and (f) attenuation constant α of the four samples.

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图 6 填充质量分数为20%的(a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, (d) FT-10样品的2D反射损耗图; 填充质量分数为20%的(e) FT-4, (f) FT-6, (g) FT-8, (h) FT-10样品的3D反射损耗图

Figure 6. 2D reflection loss images of (a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, and (d) FT-10 samples with 20% filling; 3D reflection loss images of (e) FT-4, (f) FT-6, (g) FT-8, and (h) FT-10 samples with 20% filling.

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图 7 填充质量分数为30%的FT-8 样品的(a) 2D反射损耗图, (b) 3D反射损耗图, (c) Cole-Cole曲线, (d)阻抗匹配图, (e)C₀曲线和(f)衰减常数α

Figure 7. (a) 2D reflection loss image, (b) 3D reflection loss image, (c) Cole-Cole curve, (d) impedance matching plot, (e) C₀ curve and (f) attenuation constant α for FT-8 samples with 30% filling.

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图 8 填充质量分数为20%的(a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, (d) FT-10和(e)填充质量分数为30%的FT-8样品的CST模拟结果; (f) –90°—90°下所有样品的RCS值

Figure 8. CST simulation results of (a) FT-4, (b) FT-6, (c) FT-8, (d) FT-10 samples with 20% filler, (e) FT-8 sample with 30% filler; (f) RCS values of all samples at –90°–90°.

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[1]	Liu W, Wang D H, Li K X, Wei X H 2022 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5 18488 Google Scholar
[2]	Yue Y, Wang Y X, Xu X D, Wang C J 2023 J. Alloys Compd. 945 169342 Google Scholar
[3]	Wang J Q, Wu Z, Xing Y Q, Li B J, Huang P, Liu L 2023 Small 19 2207051 Google Scholar
[4]	Wu S J, Liu H, Wang Q H, Yin X Y, Hou L X 2023 J. Alloys Compd. 945 169372 Google Scholar
[5]	Xu Y X, Huang Y F, Zhao J, Han X H, Chai C P, Ma H L 2023 J. Alloys Compd. 960 170829 Google Scholar
[6]	Cai Z, Ma Y F, Zhao K, Yun M C, Wang X Y, Tong Z M, Wang M, Suhr J, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Chen X Y 2023 Chem. Eng. J. 462 142042 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang Y, Gao X, Wu X M, Zhang W Z, Luo C Y, Liu P B 2019 Chem. Eng. J. 375 121942 Google Scholar
[8]	Qiang R, Du Y C, Zhao H T, Wang Y, Tian C H, Li Z G, Han X J, Xu P 2015 J. Mater. Chem. A 3 13426 Google Scholar
[9]	Liu Z Y, Tian H L, Xu R X, Men W W, Su T, Qu Y G, Zhao W, Liu D 2023 Carbon 205 138 Google Scholar
[10]	Zeng X J, Zhao C, Yin Y C, Nie T L, Xie N H, Yu R H, Stucky G D 2022 Carbon 193 26 Google Scholar
[11]	Zhang Z W, Cai Z H, Zhang Y, Peng Y L, Wang Z Y, Xia L, Ma S P, Yin Z Z, Wang R F, Cao Y S, Li Z, Huang Y 2021 Carbon 174 484 Google Scholar
[12]	Che R C, Zhi C Y, Liang C Y, Zhou X G 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 033105 Google Scholar
[13]	Fan X X, Zhang Z Y, Wang S J, Zhang J, Xiong S S 2023 Appl. Surf. Sci. 625 157116 Google Scholar
[14]	Xiu Z L, Li X G, Zhang M Z, Huang B, Ma J Y, Yu J X, Meng X G 2022 J. Alloys Compd. 921 166068 Google Scholar
[15]	Wang S J, Zhang Z Y, Fan X X, Li Y, Zhang J, Xue L L, Xiong S S 2023 J. Alloys Compd. 960 170724 Google Scholar
[16]	Hua T X, Guo H, Qin J, Wu Q X, Li L Y, Qian B 2022 RSC Adv. 12 24980 Google Scholar
[17]	Song S W, Zhang A T, Chen L, Jia Q, Zhou C L, Liu J Q, Wang X X 2021 Carbon 176 279 Google Scholar
[18]	Li X, Xu D M, Zhou D, Pang S Z, Du C, Darwish M A, Zhou T, Sun S K 2023 Carbon 208 374 Google Scholar
[19]	Wang X L, Han N, Zhang Y, Shi G M, Zhang Y J, Li D 2022 J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 33 21091 Google Scholar
[20]	Guo R, Fan Y C, Wang L J, Jiang W 2020 Carbon 169 214 Google Scholar
[21]	Zhou X J, Li S C, Zhang M L, Yuan X Y, Wen J W, Xi H, Wu H J, Ma X H 2023 Carbon 204 538 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang Y, Dou Q, Jiang W, Su K, You J, Yin S, Wang T, Yang J, Li Q 2022 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5 9209 Google Scholar
[23]	Du Q R, Men Q Q, Li R S, Cheng Y W, Zhao B, Che R C 2022 Small 18 2203609 Google Scholar
[24]	Li M M, Xu Q Y, Jiang W, Farooq A, Qi Y R, Liu L F 2023 Fibers Polym. 24 771 Google Scholar
[25]	He J, Shan D Y, Yan S Q, Luo H, Cao C, Peng Y H 2019 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 492 165639 Google Scholar
[26]	Lei B Y, Hou Y L, Meng W J, Wang Y Q, Yang X X, Ren M X, Zhao D L 2022 Carbon 196 280 Google Scholar
[27]	Liu M, Zhao B, Pei K, Qian Y T, Yang C D, Liu Y H, Cao H, Zhang J C, Che R C 2023 Small 19 2300363 Google Scholar
[28]	Zhang R X, Wang L, Xu C Y, Liang C Y, Liu X H, Zhang X F, Che R C 2022 Nano Res. 15 6743 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang C, Chen N K, Yang T Y, Cheng Q Z, Wu D a, Xiao Y Y, He S L, Song N N 2023 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 565 170267 Google Scholar
[30]	Shu X F, Zhou J, Lian W, Jiang Y, Wang Y Q, Shu R W, Liu Y, Han J J, Zhuang Y 2021 J. Alloys Compd. 854 157087 Google Scholar
[31]	Chen N K, Wang C, Xiao Y Y, Han R, Wu Q, Song N N 2023 J. Alloys Compd. 947 169554 Google Scholar
[32]	Song N N, Gu S Z, Wu Q, Li C L, Zhou J, Zhang P P, Wang W, Yue M 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 451 793 Google Scholar
[33]	Song N N, Yang H T, Liu H L, Ren X, Ding H F, Zhang X Q, Cheng Z H 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 3161 Google Scholar
[34]	Wu Y H, Tan S J, Liu P Y, Zhang Y, Li P, Ji G B 2023 J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 151 10 Google Scholar
[35]	Liu Y L, Tian C H, Wang F Y, Hu B, Xu P, Han X J, Du Y C 2023 Chem. Eng. J. 461 141867 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang S, Huang Y, Wang J M, Han X P, Zhang G Z, Sun X 2023 Carbon 209 118006 Google Scholar
[37]	Wang L H, Su S L, Wang Y D 2022 ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5 17565 Google Scholar
[38]	Xiao Y Y, Zhang B X, Liao P, Qiu Z H, Song N N, Xu H J 2023 New J. Chem. 47 2575 Google Scholar
[39]	Liu Q H, Cao Q, Bi H, Liang C Y, Yuan K P, She W, Yang Y J, Che R C 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 486 Google Scholar
[40]	Yuan M Y, Zhao B, Yang C D, Pei K, Wang L Y, Zhang R X, You W B, Liu X H, Zhang X F, Che R C 2022 Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 2203161 Google Scholar
[41]	Chen Z H, Zhang Z N, Zhang H Q, Hu D, Ye Z B, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Nie B H, Xi H X, Duan C X 2022 Rare Metals 41 3100 Google Scholar
[42]	Yamashita T, Hayes P 2008 Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 2441 Google Scholar
[43]	Deng B W, Liu Z C, Pan F, Xiang Z, Zhang X, Lu W 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A 9 3500 Google Scholar
[44]	Lv Y H, Ye X Y, Chen S, Ma L, Zhang L, Liang W K, Wu Y P, Wang Q T 2023 Appl. Surf. Sci. 622 156935 Google Scholar
[45]	Zha L L, Zhang X H, Wu J H, Liu J J, Lan J F, Yang Y, Wu B 2023 Ceram. Int. 49 20672 Google Scholar
[46]	Yan H Y, Guo Y, Bai X Z, Qi J W, Zhao X Y, Lu H P, Deng L J 2023 Appl. Surf. Sci. 633 157602 Google Scholar
[47]	Che R C, Peng L M, Duan X F, Chen Q, Liang X L 2004 Adv. Mater. 16 401 Google Scholar
[48]	Olmedo L, Hourquebie P, Jousse F 1993 Adv. Mater. 5 373 Google Scholar
[49]	Liu D W, Du Y C, Li Z N, Wang Y H, Xu P, Zhao H H, Wang F Y, Li C L, Han X J 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 9615 Google Scholar
[50]	Wang C, Han X J, Ping X, Wang J Y, Du Y C, Wang X H, Qin W, Zhang T 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 3196 Google Scholar
[51]	Ding J, Cheng L G 2021 J. Alloys Compd. 881 160574 Google Scholar
[52]	Liu W, Duan P T, Ding Y, Zhang B W, Su H L, Zhang X B, Wang J Z, Zou Z Q 2022 Dalton Trans. 51 6597 Google Scholar
[53]	Zhu X J, Dong Y Y, Pan F, Xiang Z, Liu Z C, Deng B W, Zhang X, Shi Z, Lu W 2021 Compos. Commun. 25 100731 Google Scholar
[54]	Liu J K, Jia Z R, Zhou W H, Liu X H, Zhang C H, Xu B H, Wu G L 2022 Chem. Eng. J. 429 132253 Google Scholar
[55]	Dai B S, Qi T, Song M J, Geng M Q, Dai Y X, Qi Y 2022 Nanoscale 14 10456 Google Scholar

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Vol. 72, Issue 21 - 2023-11-05

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Enhanced microwave absorption performance of large-sized monolayer two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x based on loaded Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles