-
Wall-seeping gas film (WSGF) represents a promising method for transition control, drag reduction, and heat reduction in hypersonic vehicles. Experiments were conducted in a Mach 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel using nano-tracer planar laser scattering (NPLS) and high-frequency fluctuating pressure measuring techniques. This paper investigates the effects of wall-seeping helium, air, and carbon dioxide gas films under identical volume flow rate conditions on conical boundary layer thickness, disturbance wave structure, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and nonlinear interaction. The experimental results reveal that WSGF significantly thickens the hypersonic boundary layer, with the thickest position appearing at the downstream boundary of the seeping zone. The boundary layer thickness is thinnest for helium gas film and thickest for carbon dioxide gas film. Generally, air gas film and carbon dioxide gas film induce the appearance of regular, rope-like, and interlaced second-mode waves in advance in the boundary layer. However, under a higher volume flow rate for carbon dioxide gas film, the disturbance wave structure resembles interface fluctuations, with a characteristic wavelength of approximately 18 mm and a peak frequency as low as about 35 kHz, without the rope-like interlaced characteristic. At this time, the influence of shear layer instability becomes significant. The disturbance waves do not exhibit second-mode wave characteristics for wall-seeping helium gas film, whose shape is irregular and undergoes deformation over time and space. Additionally, the power spectral density of wall fluctuating pressure exhibits insignificant variation with volume flow rate and flow direction, which is similar to the characteristics of power spectral density in the laminar boundary layer and has no peak frequency. The wavelength of second-mode waves is about 2~3 times the boundary layer thickness for air gas film while increasing to more than 3 times for carbon dioxide gas film. Compared to air gas film, the application of carbon dioxide gas film results in a smaller peak frequency and bandwidth of disturbance waves, larger characteristic wavelength and amplitude, longer propagation distance, and stronger nonlinear interaction. In the future, attention should be directed towards understanding disturbance wave characteristics in the boundary layer for helium gas film and shear layer instability under larger volume flow rates.
-
Keywords:
- Hypersonic boundary layer /
- Wall-seeping gas film /
- Second-mode waves /
- NPLS
-
[1] Jackson T A, Eklund D R, Fink A J 2004 J. Mater. Sci. 39 5905
[2] Meritt R J, Schetz J A, Marineau E C, Lewis D R, Daniel D T 2017 J. Spacecr. Rockets 54 871
[3] Ifti H S, Hermann T, McGilvray M, Merrifield J 2022 J. Spacecr. Rockets 59 1726
[4] Saikia B, Brehm C 2023 AIAA Aviation 2023 Forum San Diego, CA, June 12-16
[5] Stalmach Jr. C J, Bertin J J, Pope T C, McCloskey M H 1971 NASA Contractor Report 1908
[6] Ghaffari S, Marxen O, Iaccarino G, Shaqfeh E S G 2010 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition Orlando, Florida, January 4-7
[7] Pappas C C, Okuno A F 1964 NASA Technical Note D-2473
[8] Liu X, Zhao R, Wen C, Yuan W 2024 Acta Mech. 235 1109
[9] Starkenberg J, Cresci R J 1976 AIAA J. 14 461
[10] Marvin J G, Akin C M 1970 AIAA J. 8 857
[11] Bertin J J, McCloskey M H, Stalmach Jr. C J, Wright R L 1972 10th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting San Diego, CA, January 17-19
[12] Scott C J, Anderson G E 1958 J. Aerosp. Sci. 25 791
[13] Schneider S P 2010 J. Spacecr. Rockets 47 225
[14] Jewell J S, Leyva I A, Parziale N J, Shepherd J E 2011 28th International Symposium on Shock Waves Berlin, Heidelberg, July 17-22
[15] Fujii K, Hornung H G 2003 AIAA J. 41 1282
[16] Miró Miró F, Dehairs P, Pinna F, Gkolia M, Masutti D, Regert T, Chazot O 2019 AIAA J. 57 1567
[17] Schmidt B E, Shepherd J E 2019 AIAA J. 57 5230
[18] Camillo G P, Wagner A, Dittert C, Benjamin L, Wartemann V, Neumann J, Hink R 2020 Exp. Fluids 61 162
[19] Kerth P, Wylie S, Ravichandran R, McGilvray M 2022 AIAA Aviation 2022 Forum Chicago, IL, June 27-July 1
[20] Liu Y Q, Jiang P X, Jin S S, Sun J G 2010 Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 5364
[21] Ifti H S, Hermann T, McGilvray M 2023 AIAA J. 61 3541
[22] Li J, Su W, Huang Z F, Liu W L 2020 J. Aerosp. Power 35 280 (in Chinese) [李瑾, 苏伟, 黄章峰, 刘文伶 2020 航空动力学报 35 280]
[23] Beckwith I E 1975 AIAA J. 13 300
[24] Yi S H, Liu X L, Niu H B, Lu X G, He L 2020 Acta Aerodynamica Sinica 38 137-142 (in Chinese) [易仕和, 刘小林, 牛海波, 陆小革, 何霖 2020 空气动力学学报 38 137]
[25] Liu X L, Yi S H, Niu H B, He L 2020 Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 118 110143
[26] Zhao Y X, Yi S H, Tian L F, Cheng Z Y 2009 Sci. China, Ser. E: Technol. Sci. 52 3640
[27] Gang D D, Yi S H, Mi Q, Lu X G 2022 Physics of Gases 7 33 (in Chinese) [冈敦殿, 易仕和, 米琦, 陆小革 2022 气体物理 7 33]
[28] Yi S H, He L, Zhao Y X, Tian L F, Cheng Z Y 2009 Sci. China, Ser. G: Phys., Mech. Astron. 52 2001
[29] Quan P G, Yi S H, Wu Y, Zhu Y Z, Chen Z 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 084703 (in Chinese) [全鹏程, 易仕和, 武宇, 朱杨柱, 陈植 2014 物理学报 63 084703]
[30] Xu X W, Yi S H, Zhang F, Zhang B, Liu X L 2021 AIAA J. 59 439
[31] Zhu Y Z, Yi S H, Kong X P, He L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 064701 (in Chinese) [朱杨柱, 易仕和, 孔小平, 何霖 2015 物理学报 64 064701]
[32] Ding H L, Yi S H, Ouyang T C, Zhao Y X 2020 Meas. Sci. Technol. 31 085302
[33] He L, Yi S H, Lu X G 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 024701 (in Chinese) [何霖, 易仕和, 陆小革 2017 物理学报 66 024701]
[34] Yi S H, Tian L F, Zhao Y X, He L, Chen Z 2010 Chin. Sci. Bull. 55 3545
[35] Ifti H S, Hermann T, McGilvray M, Larrimbe L, Hedgecock R, Vandeperre L 2022 AIAA J. 60 3286
[36] Zhao X D, Liao Q D 1983 Viscous Fluid Dynamics (1st ed.) (Beijing: China Machine Press) (in Chinese) [赵学端, 廖其奠 1983 粘性流体力学 (第一版) (北京: 机械工业出版社
[37] Chen J F, Xu Y, Xu X B, Zou Q F, Ling G, Zhang Y F 2022 Journal of Experiments in Fluid Mechanics 36 1-10 (in Chinese) [陈久芬, 徐洋, 许晓斌, 邹琼芬, 凌岗, 张毅锋 2022 实验流体力学 37 51]
[38] Liu X L, Yi S H, Niu H B, Lu X G, Zhao X H 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 174701 (In Chinese) [刘小林, 易仕和, 牛海波, 陆小革, 赵鑫海 2018 物理学报 67 174701
[39] Zhang B, Yi S H, Niu H B, Liu X L, Lu X G, He L 2023 Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 141 110786
[40] He L, Yi S H, Tian L F, Chen Z, Zhu Y Z 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 024704
[41] Kennedy R E, Laurence S J, Smith M S, Marineau E C 2017 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Grapevine, Texas, January 9-13
[42] Zhang C H, Lee C B 2017 J. Visualization 20 7
[43] Schmidt B E, Bitter N P, Hornung H G, Shepherd J E 2016 AIAA J. 54 161
[44] Mack L M 1984 AGARD Report 709, Part 3
[45] Grossir G, Pinna F, Bonucci G, Regert T, Rambaud P, Chazot O 2014 7th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference Atlanta, GA, June 16-20
[46] Stetson K F, Kimmel R L 1992 30th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit Reno, NV, January 6-9
[47] Pagella A, Rist U, Wagner S 2002 Phys. Fluids 14 2088
[48] Hu Y F, Yi S H, Liu X L, Xu X W, Zhang B 2024 Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 146 108951
Metrics
- Abstract views: 115
- PDF Downloads: 1
- Cited By: 0
下载:
