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The insulation level of power equipment in power system is based on the overvoltage protection level of metal oxide arrester represented by zinc oxide valve blade. Owing to its superior nonlinear voltage current characteristics and surge energy absorption capacity, ZnO varistor is widely used as the core component of power system arrester. The electrical characteristics of ZnO varistors are determined by their complex microstructures and grain boundary characteristics. Therefore, to further improve the insulation level of power grid equipment, doping is required to further improve the grain boundary characteristics of ZnO varistors. In order to obtain more stable ZnO varistors, the stability characteristics of Ga doped ZnO varistors are investigated. The microstructural and electrical characteristics of the obtained experimental samples are tested by scanning electron microscope, voltage current nonlinear characteristics, capacitance voltage characteristics, X-ray diffraction spectrum, energy spectrum scanning, dielectric loss, and AC acceleration aging. The experimental results show that with the further increase of gallium doping, gallium ions occupy the vacancies on the zinc oxide lattice, increasing the interface state density, and improving the Schottky barrier height. On the one hand, the leakage current density of ZnO varistor is reduced, on the other hand, the migration of free electrons in the depletion layer is suppressed, and the stability of ZnO varistor in the high charge rate environment is improved. Aluminum ions are dissolved into the ZnO lattice to generate a large number of free electrons, thereby reducing the resistivity of ZnO grains, which can effectively reduce the residual voltage ratio of ZnO varistor when large current passes through it. When the doping amount of Ga reaches 0.6%, the leakage current is 0.84 μA/cm2, the residual voltage ratio is 1.97, the nonlinear coefficient is 66, and the Schottky barrier height is 1.81 eV. At 115 ℃, AC accelerated aging voltages of 87% E1 mA, 89% E1 mA and 91% E1 mA are applied to the test sample separately. The aging time is 1000 h, and the aging coefficients are 0.394, 0.437 and 0.550 separately. This research will help to further improve the protection level of zinc oxide surge arresters, achieving the deep limitation of grid overvoltage, and improving the security and stability of power systems.
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Keywords:
- ZnO varistor /
- aging stability /
- electrical properties /
- charge rate
[1] Gupta T K 1990 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73 1817
Google Scholar
[2] 姚睿丰, 王妍, 高景晖, 陈川, 郭经红 2021 电工技术学报 36 1324
Yao R F, Wang Y, Gao J H, Chen C, Guo J H 2021 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 36 1324
[3] 王玉平, 孙西昌 2006 电气技术 36 35
Google Scholar
Wang Y P, Sun X C 2006 Elc. Tchnol. 36 35
Google Scholar
[4] 舒印彪 2016 中国经贸导刊 34 54
Google Scholar
Shu Y B 2016 Chni. Eco. Tra. Her. 34 54
Google Scholar
[5] 李振, 余占清, 何金良, 彭向阳, 李志锋 2011 高电压技术 37 3120
Li Z, Yu Z Q, He J L, Peng X Y, Li Z F 2011 High Voltage Eng. 37 3120
[6] Lu Z Y, Chen Z Y, Wu J Q 2009 J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 117 851
Google Scholar
[7] Tominaga S, Shibuya Y, Fujiwara Y, Imataki M, Nitta T 1980 IEEE Trans. Power. Syst. 99 1548
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Google Scholar
[9] Meng P F, Gu S Q, Wang J, Hu J, He J L 2018 J. Ceram. Int. 44 1168
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Wan S, Xu H, Xi C Y, Meng P F, Zhao H F, Cao W 2020 High Voltage Eng. 46 1434
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Google Scholar
[14] Wurst J C, Nelson I A 1972 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 109
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Google Scholar
[19] Long W C, Hu J, He J L 2010 J. Matter. Lett. 64 1081
Google Scholar
[20] 程 宽, 赵洪峰, 周远翔 2022 电工技术学报 37 3413
Cheng K, Zhao H F, Zhou Y X 2022 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 37 3413
[21] GB/T11032–2010 中华人民共和国国家标准交流无间隙金属氧化物避雷器 (北京: 中国标准出版社)
GB11032—2010 Metal-oxide Surge Arresters without Gaps for ac Systems (Beijing: China Standard Press) (in Chinese)
[22] Cheng L H, Yuan K Y, Meng L, Zheng L Y 2012 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95 1004
[23] 李天娇, 张博, 乌江 2022 电工技术学报 37 1554
Li T J, Zhang B, Wu J 2022 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 37 1554
[24] 孟鹏飞, 胡军, 邬锦波, 何金良 2018 高电压技术 44 241
Meng P F, Hu J, Wu J B, He J L 2018 High Voltage Eng. 44 241
[25] 刘向洋 2018 硕士学位论文 (郑州: 中原工学院)
Liu X Y 2012 M. S. Thesis (Zhengzhou: Zhongyuan University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[26] Gupta T K 1994 J. Mater. Res. 9 2213
Google Scholar
[27] Jaroszewski M, Pospieszna J 2004 International Conference on Solid Dieliectrics Toulouse, France, July 5–9, 2004 p731
[28] 孟鹏飞, 胡军, 邬锦波, 何金良 2017 中国电机工程学报 37 7377
Meng P F, Hu J, Wu J B, He J L 2017 Chin. Soc. Elec. Eng. 37 7377
[29] Casro M S, Benavente M A, Aldao C M 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 5 A341
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图 1 不同Ga3+离子掺杂量下ZnO压敏电阻SEM 显微结构
Figure 1. SEM images of the ZnO varistor samples prepared with various Ga3+ contents.
图 2 Zn, Bi, Al, Ga元素在 ZnO 压敏电阻微观结构中的分布 (a) 测量路径; (b) 典型元素的分布强度
Figure 2. Distribution of Zn, Bi, Al, Ga in the microstructure of ZnO varistor sample: (a) The measurement path; (b) the intensity of typical elements.
图 3 老化前(a), (b)和老化后(c), (d)样品的E-J特性图
Figure 3. E-J characteristic curves of samples before aging (a), (b) and after aging (c), (d).
图 4 ZnO压敏电阻老化前(a)和老化后(b) C-V特性曲线
Figure 4. C-V characteristic curves of ZnO varistor before aging (a) and after aging (b).
图 5 ZnO压敏电阻的介质损耗变化曲线
Figure 5. Dielectric loss variation curves of ZnO Varistor
图 6 ZnO阀片在不同荷电率下的交流加速老化曲线
Figure 6. AC acceleration aging curves of ZnO valve under different charge rates.
图 7 不同Ga掺杂的ZnO 压敏电阻XRD图谱
Figure 7. XRD patterns of the ZnO varistor samples with various Ga dopant contents.
表 1 老化前后ZnO压敏电阻的微观结构和宏观电气参数
Table 1. Microstructure and macro electrical parameters of ZnO varistors before and after aging.
样品编号 Ga content/% d/μm E1 mA/(V·mm–1) JL/(μA·cm–2) α Nd/(1023 m–3) Ni/(1016 m–2) $ {\phi _{\text{b}}} $/eV K Kt 老
化
前#1 0 8.2 373.1 1.76 54 0.87 1.40 1.45 2.35 — #2 0.2 7.9 423.2 1.34 57 0.92 1.51 1.60 2.17 — #3 0.4 7.7 440.4 0.89 63 1.07 1.64 1.62 1.99 — #4 0.6 7.4 454.4 0.84 66 1.13 1.78 1.81 1.97 — #5 0.8 7.3 478.5 1.12 61 1.25 1.75 1.58 2.14 — 老
化
后#4-87% 436.3 1.12 61 1.26 1.77 1.60 — 0.394 变化率 –3.98% 33.30% –7.60% 11.50% –0.56% –11.60% — — #4-89% 427.2 1.15 58 1.29 1.74 1.51 — 0.437 变化率 –5.99% 36.90% –12.10% 14.16% –2.25% –16.57% — — #4-91% 418.1 1.23 55 1.34 1.69 1.38 — 0.550 变化率 –7.99% 46.40% –16.70% 18.58% –5.06% –23.76% — — 
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[1] Gupta T K 1990 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73 1817
Google Scholar
[2] 姚睿丰, 王妍, 高景晖, 陈川, 郭经红 2021 电工技术学报 36 1324
Yao R F, Wang Y, Gao J H, Chen C, Guo J H 2021 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 36 1324
[3] 王玉平, 孙西昌 2006 电气技术 36 35
Google Scholar
Wang Y P, Sun X C 2006 Elc. Tchnol. 36 35
Google Scholar
[4] 舒印彪 2016 中国经贸导刊 34 54
Google Scholar
Shu Y B 2016 Chni. Eco. Tra. Her. 34 54
Google Scholar
[5] 李振, 余占清, 何金良, 彭向阳, 李志锋 2011 高电压技术 37 3120
Li Z, Yu Z Q, He J L, Peng X Y, Li Z F 2011 High Voltage Eng. 37 3120
[6] Lu Z Y, Chen Z Y, Wu J Q 2009 J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 117 851
Google Scholar
[7] Tominaga S, Shibuya Y, Fujiwara Y, Imataki M, Nitta T 1980 IEEE Trans. Power. Syst. 99 1548
[8] Zhao H F, He J L, Hu J, Chen S M, Xie Q Y 2016 J. Mater. Lett. 164 80
Google Scholar
[9] Meng P F, Gu S Q, Wang J, Hu J, He J L 2018 J. Ceram. Int. 44 1168
Google Scholar
[10] Gupta T K, Carlson W G 1985 J. Mater. Sci. 20 3487
Google Scholar
[11] Eda K, Iga A, Matsuoka M 1980 J. Appl. Phys. 51 2678
Google Scholar
[12] 万帅, 许衡, 席成圆, 孟鹏飞, 赵洪峰, 曹伟 2020 高电压技术 46 1434
Wan S, Xu H, Xi C Y, Meng P F, Zhao H F, Cao W 2020 High Voltage Eng. 46 1434
[13] Zhao H F, Hu J, Chen S M, Xie Q Y, He J L 2016 J. Ceram. Int. 42 5582
Google Scholar
[14] Wurst J C, Nelson I A 1972 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 109
[15] Wang H Z, Li G Q, Wang G B, Peng J C, Jiang H, Liu Y T 2017 Appl. Energ. 188 56
Google Scholar
[16] Kim S S, Cho H G, Choi I S, Park T G, Jung S Y 2002 International Conference on Power System Technology Proceedings Kunming, China, October 13–17, 2002 p13
[17] IEC60099-4 2006 Matel Oxide Arresters without Gapless for a.c. Systems (Swithzerlan: Geneva)
[18] Bueno P R, Cassia-Santos D E M R, Leite E R, Longo L, Bisquert J, Garcia-Belmonte G, Fabregat-Santiago F 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 88 6545
Google Scholar
[19] Long W C, Hu J, He J L 2010 J. Matter. Lett. 64 1081
Google Scholar
[20] 程 宽, 赵洪峰, 周远翔 2022 电工技术学报 37 3413
Cheng K, Zhao H F, Zhou Y X 2022 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 37 3413
[21] GB/T11032–2010 中华人民共和国国家标准交流无间隙金属氧化物避雷器 (北京: 中国标准出版社)
GB11032—2010 Metal-oxide Surge Arresters without Gaps for ac Systems (Beijing: China Standard Press) (in Chinese)
[22] Cheng L H, Yuan K Y, Meng L, Zheng L Y 2012 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95 1004
[23] 李天娇, 张博, 乌江 2022 电工技术学报 37 1554
Li T J, Zhang B, Wu J 2022 Trans. Chin. Elc. Soc. 37 1554
[24] 孟鹏飞, 胡军, 邬锦波, 何金良 2018 高电压技术 44 241
Meng P F, Hu J, Wu J B, He J L 2018 High Voltage Eng. 44 241
[25] 刘向洋 2018 硕士学位论文 (郑州: 中原工学院)
Liu X Y 2012 M. S. Thesis (Zhengzhou: Zhongyuan University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[26] Gupta T K 1994 J. Mater. Res. 9 2213
Google Scholar
[27] Jaroszewski M, Pospieszna J 2004 International Conference on Solid Dieliectrics Toulouse, France, July 5–9, 2004 p731
[28] 孟鹏飞, 胡军, 邬锦波, 何金良 2017 中国电机工程学报 37 7377
Meng P F, Hu J, Wu J B, He J L 2017 Chin. Soc. Elec. Eng. 37 7377
[29] Casro M S, Benavente M A, Aldao C M 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 5 A341
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