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Femtosecond lasers with GHz repetition rate play an important role in scientific and industrial applications such as spectroscopy, optical frequency combs and GHz-Burst pulse trains for micro-machining in the ablation-cooled regime. Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) technique and passively mode-locking based on semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) are the primary methods to generate GHz femtosecond all-solid-state lasers (ASSLs). Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire lasers have made significant progress benefited from the high-power green pump lasers, and repetition rate up to 10 GHz has been obtained with the average power of 1.2 W. In the early 21st century, ytterbium ion (Yb3+) doped laser crystals and ceramics with emission wavelengths near 1 μm received attention due to their high conversion efficiency and broad gain-bandwidth. Combining the customized SESAM and high-power multimode fiber-coupled laser diodes (LDs), GHz Yb-doped ASSLs with watt-level average power may be easily attained and have made rapid progress. However, GHz KLM lasers have strict requirements for the cavity design and pump sources. For satisfying mode matching and enhancing the soft aperture effect within the gain medium, a high-brightness pump source with excellent beam quality (M 2 ～ 1) is desired, such as the single-mode fiber coupled LD, however, the maximum pump power of which is only ～1 W. As a result, the average power of GHz KLM femtosecond laser is typically limited to few tens of milliwatts, which limits the further applications. In this work, we report the first GHz high-power KLM Yb:CaYAlO4 laser by using a high-power single-mode fiber laser instead of the low-power single-mode fiber coupled LDs as the pump source. On the basis of ABCD matrix, a simple four-mirror bow-tie ring cavity is built so that the laser mode can match well with the focused pump spot in the crystal. At the pump power of 8 W, stable unidirectional KLM is achieved, the laser has the average power of 2.1 W with a pulse duration of 88 fs and a repetition rate of 1.8 GHz, corresponding to the peak power of 11.57 kW. The high peak power and extremely short pulse duration are crucial for coherent octave-spanning supercontinuum generation. The powerful GHz KLM laser with sub-100 fs pulse duration provides an attractive source for realizing the optical frequency combs and micro-machining applications.
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Keywords:
- lasers /
- Kerr-lens mode-locked /
- GHz repetition rate /
- ring cavity
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图 1 1.8 GHz Yb:CaYAlO4激光器实验装置示意图及实物图, 其中HR, 高反镜; HWP, 半波片; L1, 焦距25 mm凹透镜; L2, 焦距75 mm凸透镜; L3, 焦距40 mm 凸透镜; M1, 曲率半径30 mm凹面双色镜; M2, 曲率半径30 mm的–800 fs2色散镜; M3, –550 fs2平面色散镜; OC, 1.6%输出耦合镜
Figure 1. Experimental setup of 1.8 GHz Yb:CaYAlO4 laser. HR, high-reflection mirror; HWP, half-wave plate; L1, concave lens with 25 mm focal length; L2, convex lens with 75 mm focal length; L3, convex lens with 40 mm focal length; M1, dichroic concave mirror with radius of curvature of 30 mm; M2, –800 fs2 dispersive mirror with radius of curvature of 30 mm; M3, –550 fs2 plane dispersive mirror; OC, output coupler with transmittance of 1.6%.
图 2 1.8 GHz Yb:CaYAlO4激光器腔内激光模式计算 (a)谐振腔整体腔模分布; (b)晶体中激光模式
Figure 2. Calculated cavity mode of 1.8 GHz Yb:CaYAlO4 laser: (a) The cavity mode throughout the whole resonator; (b) the laser mode in the crystal.
图 3 晶体中最小激光模式处
$ \delta $ 随稳区$ z $ 的变化Figure 3. Variation of
$ \delta $ as a function of$ z $ at the position of the minimum beam radius inside the gain medium.
图 4 单向克尔透镜锁模光谱(GDD, 群延迟色散)
Figure 4. Optical spectrum of the unidirectional KLM (GDD, group delay dispersion).
图 5 单向克尔透镜锁模自相关轨迹
Figure 5. Measured auto-correlation trace of the unidirectional KLM.
图 6 分辨率为1 kHz和10 kHz情况下测得的单向克尔透镜锁模基频和谐波频谱信号
Figure 6. Measured fundamental and harmonic radio frequency spectra with resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 1 kHz and 10 kHz of the unidirectional KLM.
图 7 单向克尔透镜锁模在1 ns和1 μs时间尺度下的脉冲序列
Figure 7. Measured pulse trains in time scale of 1 ns/div and 1 μs/div of the unidirectional KLM.
图 8 单向克尔透镜锁模120 min内功率稳定性测量
Figure 8. Measured power fluctuation in 120 minutes of the unidirectional KLM.
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[1] Wilt B A, Burns L D, Ho E T W, Ghosh K K, Mukamel E A, Schnitzer M J 2009 Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32 435
Google Scholar
[2] Diddams S A, Udem Th, Bergquist J C, Curtis E A, Drullinger R E, Hollberg L, Itano W M, Lee W D, Oates C W, Vogel K R, Wineland D J 2001 Science 293 825
Google Scholar
[3] Hillerkuss D, Schmogrow R, Schellinger T, Jordan M, Winter M, Huber G, Vallaitis T, Bonk R, Kleinow P, Frey F, Roeger M, Koenig S, Ludwig A, Marculescu A, Li J, Hoh M, Dreschmann M, Meyer J, Ben E S, Narkiss N, Nebendahl B, Parmigiani F, Petropoulos P, Resan B, Oehler A, Weingarten K, Ellermeyer T, Lutz J, Moeller M, Huebner M, Becker J, Koos C, Freude W, Leuthold J 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 364
Google Scholar
[4] Steinmetz T, Wilken T, Araujo-Hauck C, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W, Pasquini L, Manescau A, D’Odorico S, Murphy M T, Kentischer T, Schmidt W, Udem T 2008 Science 321 1335
Google Scholar
[5] 韩海年, 张 炜, 王 鹏, 李德华, 魏志义, 沈乃澂, 聂玉昕, 高玉平, 张首刚, 李师群 2007 物理学报 56 2760
Google Scholar
Han H N, Zhang W, Wang P, Li D H, Wei Z Y, Shen N C, Nie Y X, Gao Y P, Zhang S G, Li S Q 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 2760
Google Scholar
[6] 刘欢, 曹士英, 孟飞, 林百科, 方占军 2015 物理学报 64 094204
Google Scholar
Liu H, Cao S Y, Meng F, Lin B K, Fang Z J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094204
Google Scholar
[7] Diddams S A, Hollberg L, Mbele V 2007 Nature 445 627
Google Scholar
[8] Ideguchi T, Holzner S, Bernhardt B, Guelachvili G, Picqué N, Hänsch T W 2013 Nature 502 355
Google Scholar
[9] Villares G, Hugi A, Blaser S, Faist J 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5192
Google Scholar
[10] Link S M, Maas D J H C, Waldburger D, Keller U 2017 Science 356 1164
Google Scholar
[11] Kerse C, Kalaycıoğlu H, Elahi P, Çetin B, Kesim D K, Akçaalan Ö, Yavaş S, Aşık M D, Öktem B, Hoogland H, Holzwarth R, Ilday F Ö 2016 Nature 537 84
Google Scholar
[12] Bartels A, Heinecke D, Diddams S A 2009 Science 326 681
Google Scholar
[13] Martinez A, Yamashita S 2011 Opt. Express 19 6155
Google Scholar
[14] Liu X M, Pang M 2019 Laser Photonics Rev. 13 1800333
Google Scholar
[15] 朱江峰, 田文龙, 高子叶, 魏志义 2017 中国激光 44 0900001
Google Scholar
Zhu J F, Tian W L, Gao Z Y, Wei Z Y 2017 Chin. J. Lasers 44 0900001
Google Scholar
[16] Yamazoe S, Katou M, Adachi T, Kasamatsu T 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 748
Google Scholar
[17] Pekarek S, Südmeyer T, Lecomte S, Kundermann S, Dudley J M, Keller U 2011 Opt. Express 19 16491
Google Scholar
[18] Klenner A, Golling M, Keller U 2014 Opt. Express 22 11884
Google Scholar
[19] Pekarek S, Klenner A, Südmeyer T, Fiebig C, Paschke K, Erbert G, Keller U 2012 Opt. Express 20 4248
Google Scholar
[20] Klenner A, Keller U 2015 Opt. Express 23 8532
Google Scholar
[21] Mayer A S, Phillips C R, Keller U 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1673
Google Scholar
[22] Liu X, Yao X, Cui Y 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 023905
Google Scholar
[23] Liu X, Popa D, Akhmediev N 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 093901
Google Scholar
[24] Wasylczyk P, Wnuk P, Radzewicz C 2009 Opt. Express 17 5630
Google Scholar
[25] Endo M, Ozawa A, Kobayashi Y 2012 Opt. Express 20 12191
Google Scholar
[26] Endo M, Ozawa A, Kobayashi Y 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 4502
Google Scholar
[27] Endo M, Ito I, Kobayashi Y 2015 Opt. Express 23 1276
Google Scholar
[28] Kimura S, Tani S, Kobayashi Y 2019 Optica 6 532
Google Scholar
[29] Hamrouni M, Labaye F, Modsching N, Wittwer V J, Südmeyer T 2022 Opt. Express 30 30012
Google Scholar
[30] Zheng L, Tian W L, Liu H, Wang G Y, Bai C, Xu R, Zhang D C, Han H N, Zhu J F, Wei Z Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 12950
Google Scholar
[31] Akbari R, Fedorova K A, Rafailov E U, Major A 2017 Appl. Phys. B 123 123
Google Scholar
[32] Zheng L, Chen Y H, Tian W L, Yu Y, Wang G Y, Bai C, Zhang D C, Zhu J F, Wei Z Y 2022 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics San Jose, California United States, May 15–20, 2022 pSS2A.6
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