-
We investigate the boundary effect of small-scale $s$ quark matter, and the self-similarity structure influence of strange hadrons in the hadron gas on QGP--hadron phase transition. In this study, the multiple reflection expansion method is employed to investigate the boundary effect of QGP droplets containing $s$ quarks. The calculation reveals that under the influence of boundary effect, small-scale $s$ quark matter exhibits lower energy density, entropy density, and pressure. In hadron phase, there is the two-body self-similarity structure between $K$ meson and neighboring $\pi$ mesons under the influence of collective flow, quantum correlations, and strong interactions. By applying Two-Body Fractal Model to study the self-similarity structure of the $K$ meson in meson and quark aspect, it is found that the self-similarity structure of the $K$ meson exists in hadron phase, leading to an increase in the energy density, entropy density, and pressure of the $K$ meson. With the influence of self-similarity structure, it is found that the derived transverse momentum spectrum of $K$ meson has a good agreement with experimental data (Fig. (a)). This study predicts that in the HIAF energy region, the self-similarity structure factor of $K$ meson $q_{1}$ approaches $1.042$. Under the influence of boundary effect and self-similarity structure of $K$ and $\pi$ mesons, it shows that the phase transition temperature of $s$ quark matter increases (Fig. (b)). And if the boundary of $s$ quark matter curves more, the increase of phase transition temperature becomes more pronounced compared to the influence of self-similarity structure.
-
Keywords:
- s quark /
- boundary effect /
- self-similarity structure /
- QCD phase transition
-
[1] Srivastava P K, Tiwari S K, Singh C P 2010 Phys. Rev. D 82 014023
[2] Singh C 1993 Phys. Rep. 236 147
[3] Satz H 2000 Rep. Prog. Phys. 63 1511
[4] Back B, Baker M, Ballintijn M, et al. 2005 Nucl. Phys. A 757 28
[5] STAR Collaboration 2005 Nucl. Phys. A 757 102
[6] Arsene I, Bearden I, Beavis D, et al. 2005 Nucl. Phys. A 757 1
[7] Karthein J M, Mroczek D, Acuna A R N, et al. 2021 Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136 621
[8] Mohanty B 2009 Nucl. Phys. A 830 899c
[9] An X, Bluhm M, Du L, et al. 2022 Nucl. Phys. A 1017 122343
[10] Odyniec G 2019 PoS CORFU2018 151
[11] Bzdak A, Esumi S, Koch V, otehrs 2020 Phys. Rep. 853 1
[12] Dai T, Ding H, Cheng L, Zhang W, Wang E 2024 arXiv:2411.068219
[13] Deur A, Brodsky S J, de Téramond G F 2016 Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 90 1
[14] Niida T, Miake Y 2021 AAPPS Bull. 31 12
[15] Raghunath S 2019 AAPPS Bull. 29 16
[16] Loizides C 2016 Nucl. Phys. A 956 200
[17] Shneider M N, Pekker M 2019 arXiv:1901.04329
[18] Wong C Y, Zhang W N 2007 Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16 3271
[19] Gustafsson H A, Gutbrod H H, Kolb B, et al. 1984 Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 1590
[20] Danielewicz P, Odyniec G 1985 Phys. Lett. B 157 146
[21] Wiranata A, Koch V, Prakash M, Wang X N 2014 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 509 012049
[22] Zachariasen F, Zemach C 1962 Phys. Rev. 128 849
[23] Rafelski J 1982 Phys. Rep 88 331
[24] Koch P, Müller B, Rafelski J 1986 Phys. Rep. 142 167
[25] Greiner C, Koch P, Stöcker H 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1825
[26] Greiner C, Rischke D H, Stöcker H, Koch P 1988 Phys. Rev. D 38 2797
[27] Greiner C, Stöcker H 1991 Phys. Rev. D 44 3517
[28] Mønster D 1996 Strangelets: Effects of Finite Size and Exact Color Singletness. Ph.D. Dissertation, Aarhus University, Aarhus,Denmark
[29] Nordin F 2011 Quark-Gluon-Plasma at Brookhaven and CERN. Bachelor thesis, Lund University,Lund, Sweden
[30] STAR Collaboration 2020 Phys. Rev. C 102 034909
[31] Moreau P, Soloveva O, Oliva L, Song T, Cassing W, Bratkovskaya E 2019 Phys. Rev. C 100 014911
[32] Shen C, Alzhrani S 2020 Phys. Rev. C 102 014909
[33] Albacete J L, Guerrero-Rodríguez P, Marquet C 2019 J. High Energy Phys. 2019 73
[34] Grönqvist H 2016 Fluctuations in High-Energy Particle Collisions. Theses, Université Paris Saclay(COmUE)
[35] Chodos A, Jaffe R L, Johnson K, Thorn C B, Weisskopf V F 1974 Phys. Rev. D 9 3471
[36] Ramanathan R, Gupta K K, Jha A K, Singh S S 2007 Pramana 68 757
[37] Madsen J 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 391
[38] Madsen J 1994 Phys. Rev. D 50 3328
[39] Balian R, Bloch C 1970 Annals of Physics 60 401
[40] Patra B K, Singh C P 1996 Phys. Rev. D 54 3551
[41] Song G, Enke W, Jiarong L 1992 Phys. Rev. D 46 3211
[42] Bazavov A, Ding H T, Hegde P, et al. 2019 Phys. Lett. B 795 15
[43] Bellwied R, Borsányi S, Fodor Z, Günther J, Katz S, Ratti C, Szabo K 2015 Phys. Lett. B 751 559
[44] Hagedorn R 1971 Thermodynamics of strong interactions. Tech. rep., CERN
[45] Wong C Y 2002 Phys. Rev. C 65 034902
[46] Pathria R, Beale P D 2022 Formulation of quantum statistics. Fourth edition edn. (Lodon: Elseviser),pp 117–154
[47] Musakhanov M 2017 EPJ Web Conf. 137 03013
[48] Mandelbrot B B 1967 Science 156 636
[49] Mandelbrot B B 1986 Self-affne fractal sets, I: The basic fractal dimensions (Amsterdam: Elsevier),pp 3–15
[50] Tsallis C 1988 J. Stat. Phys 52 479
[51] Abe S, Okamoto Y 2001 Nonextensive statistical mechanics and its applications, vol. 560 (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media), pp 5–6
[52] Ding H Q, Dai T T, Cheng L, Zhang W N, Wang E K 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 192501
[53] Ding H, Cheng L, Dai T, Wang E, Zhang W N 2023 Entropy 25 1655
[54] Crater H W, Yoon J H, Wong C Y 2009 Phys. Rev. D 79 264
[55] Tsallis C 2009 Introduction to nonextensive statistical mechanics: approaching a complex world, vol. 1 (New York: Springer), pp 47–129
[56] Ubriaco M R 1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 165
[57] Büyükkiliç F, Demirham D 1993 Phys. Lett. A 181 24
[58] Feng X, Jin L, Riberdy M J 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 052003
[59] Wang G, Liang J, Draper T, Liu K F, Yang Y B 2021 Phys. Rev. D 104 074502
[60] Rajagopal A, Mendes R, Lenzi E 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3907
[61] Wang Q A 2002 Chaos, Solitons Fractals 14 765
[62] Abe S 2001 Phys. Rev. E 63 061105
[63] STAR Collaboration 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 044904
[64] Fu W J, Pawlowski J M, Rennecke F 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 054032
[65] Gao F, Pawlowski J M 2021 Phys. Lett. B 820 136584
[66] Gunkel P J, Fischer C S 2021 Phys. Rev. D 104 054022
Metrics
- Abstract views: 130
- PDF Downloads: 2
- Cited By: 0
下载:
