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Subatomic scale study of atom-generated higher-order harmonic

## Subatomic scale study of atom-generated higher-order harmonic

Liu Yan, Guo Fu-Ming, Yang Yu-Jun
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• #### Abstract

The higher-order harmonics generated from an atom irradiated by ultarashort laser pulses is one of the important ways to obtain ultrashort attosecond pulses and coherent XUV sources. In order to produce a high-inntensity XUV source, one needs to study the mechanism of harmonic generation. The mechanism of the atomic high harmonic generation can be well understood by the semi-classical three-step model. First, the electron tunnels the barrier formed by the atomic potential and laser electric field, and then it propagates freely in the laser field and can be driven back to the mother ion where it recombines with the ground state of ion. Although the cutoff energy of the high harmonic can be predicted by this model, it cannot provide more information about the harmonic efficiency and the spectral structure. Recently, the generation mechanism of high harmonic has been studied by using the Bohmian trajectory scheme based on the time dependent wave packet. It is found that the harmonic structure can be reconstructed qualitatively by using a single Bohmian trajectory. The more accurate structure of harmonic spectrum needs more Bohmian trajectories. The calculation of these trajectories requires a lot of computation resources because the trajectory calculation is from the numerical solution for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In this work, we numerically solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation of a model atom irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses. The time-dependent dipole moments at different spatial locations are calculated from the time-dependent wave function. The harmonic spectra are calculated from the Fourier transform of the time dipole moments. The harmonic spectra of different spatial locations show that the main emission positions of harmonic emission are near the nuclear region. One can observe the odd- and even-order harmonics at the different spatial positions. There has a larger radiation intensity for the integer-order harmonic. For the odd-order harmonics, their harmonic phases are the same on both sides of x = 0. For the even-order harmonics, their harmonic phases each have a pi difference on both side of x = 0. By using the filtering scheme, we analyze the phases of an harmonic at different spatial locations. It is found that the phase difference leads the odd-order harmonics to increase and the even-order harmonics to disappear. These findings contribute to the understanding of the physical mechanism of higher harmonic generated from an atom irradiated by strong laser pulses.

#### References

 [1] Ozaki T, Ganeev R A, Ishizawa A, Kanai T, Kuroda H 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 253902 [2] Dromey B, Zepf M, Gopal A, Wei M S, Tatarakis M 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 456 [3] Krausz F, Brabec T 1998 Opt. Photonics News 9 46 [4] Emma P, Akre R, Arthur J, Bionta R, Bostedt C, BozekJ, Brachmann A, Bucksbaum P, Coffee R, Decker F G, Ding Y, Dowell D, Edstrom S 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641 [5] Gibsone A, Paul A, Wagner N 2003 Science 302 95 [6] Cingoz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hart I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68 [7] Goulielmakis E, Schultze M, Hofstetter M, Yakovlev V S, Gagnon J, Uiberacker M, Aquila A L 2008 Science 320 1614 [8] Qin M, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Lu P 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 5208 [9] Curkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994 [10] Pan Y, Guo F M, Jin C, Yang Y J, Ding D J 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 033411 [11] Botheron P, Pons B 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 021404 [12] Wei S S, Li S Y, Guo F M, Yang Y J, Wang B B 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 063418 [13] Song Y, Li S Y, Liu X S, Chen J G, Zeng S L, Yang Y J 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 033424 [14] Song Y, Li S Y, Liu X S, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 053419 [15] 田原野, 郭福明, 曾思良, 杨玉军 2013 物理学报 62 113201 Tian Y Y, Guo F M, Zeng S L, Yang Y J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 113201 [16] Han J X, Wang J, Qiao Y, Liu A H, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2019 Opt. Express 27 8768 [17] Yang Y J, Chen G, Chen J G, Zhu Q R 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 652 [18] 刘艳, 贾成, 郭福明, 杨玉军 2016 物理学报 65 033201 Liu Y, Jia C, Guo F M, Yang Y Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 033201 [19] Tian Y Y, Li S Y, Wei S S, Guo F M, Zeng S L, Chen J G, Yang Y J 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 053202 [20] 宋文娟, 郭福明, 陈基根, 杨玉军 2018 物理学报 67 033201 Song W J, Guo F M, Chen J G, Yang Y J 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 033201 [21] He X, Miranda M, Schwenke J, Giulbaud O, Ruchon T, Heyl C, Georgadiou E 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 063829 [22] Chen Y J, Zhang B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 053402

#### Cited By

• 图 1  (a) 激光脉冲辐照下原子的高次谐波发射; (b) ${a_{x < 0}}(t)$计算得到的谐波谱; (c) ${a_{x > 0}}(t)$计算得到的谐波谱; (d) 三个谐波谱的对比

Figure 1.  (a) High-order harmonic emission of atoms irradiated by laser pulses; (b) harmonic spectra calculated from ${a_{x < 0}}(t)$; (c) harmonic spectra calculated from ${a_{x > 0}}(t)$; (d) the comparison of three harmonic spectra.

图 2  利用${a_x}(t)$计算的高次谐波发射谱随着x的改变

Figure 2.  Spatial distribution in HHG spectra as a function of the electronic coordinate calculated from ${a_x}(t)$.

图 3  利用${a_x}(t)$计算的高次谐波发射相位随x的改变

Figure 3.  Spatial distribution of the phase of harmonic emission calculated from ${a_x}(t)$.

图 4  11次谐波(a)和12次谐波(b)分别在空间x = –2 a.u.和x = 2 a.u.位置的偶极矩随着时间的改变

Figure 4.  Time evolution of the dipole moment at x = –2 a.u. (black solid curve) and x = 2 a.u. (red dotted curve) : (a) The eleven-order harmonic; (b) the twelve-order harmonic.

图 5  不同空间区域发射谐波的相关过程产生了原子的谐波发射

Figure 5.  The harmonic emission of atoms is produced by the process of harmonic emission in different space regions.

•  [1] Ozaki T, Ganeev R A, Ishizawa A, Kanai T, Kuroda H 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 253902 [2] Dromey B, Zepf M, Gopal A, Wei M S, Tatarakis M 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 456 [3] Krausz F, Brabec T 1998 Opt. Photonics News 9 46 [4] Emma P, Akre R, Arthur J, Bionta R, Bostedt C, BozekJ, Brachmann A, Bucksbaum P, Coffee R, Decker F G, Ding Y, Dowell D, Edstrom S 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641 [5] Gibsone A, Paul A, Wagner N 2003 Science 302 95 [6] Cingoz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hart I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68 [7] Goulielmakis E, Schultze M, Hofstetter M, Yakovlev V S, Gagnon J, Uiberacker M, Aquila A L 2008 Science 320 1614 [8] Qin M, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Lu P 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 5208 [9] Curkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994 [10] Pan Y, Guo F M, Jin C, Yang Y J, Ding D J 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 033411 [11] Botheron P, Pons B 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 021404 [12] Wei S S, Li S Y, Guo F M, Yang Y J, Wang B B 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 063418 [13] Song Y, Li S Y, Liu X S, Chen J G, Zeng S L, Yang Y J 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 033424 [14] Song Y, Li S Y, Liu X S, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 053419 [15] 田原野, 郭福明, 曾思良, 杨玉军 2013 物理学报 62 113201 Tian Y Y, Guo F M, Zeng S L, Yang Y J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 113201 [16] Han J X, Wang J, Qiao Y, Liu A H, Guo F M, Yang Y J 2019 Opt. Express 27 8768 [17] Yang Y J, Chen G, Chen J G, Zhu Q R 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 652 [18] 刘艳, 贾成, 郭福明, 杨玉军 2016 物理学报 65 033201 Liu Y, Jia C, Guo F M, Yang Y Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 033201 [19] Tian Y Y, Li S Y, Wei S S, Guo F M, Zeng S L, Chen J G, Yang Y J 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 053202 [20] 宋文娟, 郭福明, 陈基根, 杨玉军 2018 物理学报 67 033201 Song W J, Guo F M, Chen J G, Yang Y J 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 033201 [21] He X, Miranda M, Schwenke J, Giulbaud O, Ruchon T, Heyl C, Georgadiou E 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 063829 [22] Chen Y J, Zhang B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 053402
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•  Citation:
##### Metrics
• Abstract views:  192
• Cited By: 0
##### Publishing process
• Received Date:  22 May 2019
• Accepted Date:  14 June 2019
• Available Online:  26 November 2019
• Published Online:  01 September 2019

## Subatomic scale study of atom-generated higher-order harmonic

###### Corresponding author: Yang Yu-Jun, yangyj@jlu.edu.cn
• 1. College of Sciences, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
• 2. Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

Abstract: The higher-order harmonics generated from an atom irradiated by ultarashort laser pulses is one of the important ways to obtain ultrashort attosecond pulses and coherent XUV sources. In order to produce a high-inntensity XUV source, one needs to study the mechanism of harmonic generation. The mechanism of the atomic high harmonic generation can be well understood by the semi-classical three-step model. First, the electron tunnels the barrier formed by the atomic potential and laser electric field, and then it propagates freely in the laser field and can be driven back to the mother ion where it recombines with the ground state of ion. Although the cutoff energy of the high harmonic can be predicted by this model, it cannot provide more information about the harmonic efficiency and the spectral structure. Recently, the generation mechanism of high harmonic has been studied by using the Bohmian trajectory scheme based on the time dependent wave packet. It is found that the harmonic structure can be reconstructed qualitatively by using a single Bohmian trajectory. The more accurate structure of harmonic spectrum needs more Bohmian trajectories. The calculation of these trajectories requires a lot of computation resources because the trajectory calculation is from the numerical solution for the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. In this work, we numerically solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation of a model atom irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses. The time-dependent dipole moments at different spatial locations are calculated from the time-dependent wave function. The harmonic spectra are calculated from the Fourier transform of the time dipole moments. The harmonic spectra of different spatial locations show that the main emission positions of harmonic emission are near the nuclear region. One can observe the odd- and even-order harmonics at the different spatial positions. There has a larger radiation intensity for the integer-order harmonic. For the odd-order harmonics, their harmonic phases are the same on both sides of x = 0. For the even-order harmonics, their harmonic phases each have a pi difference on both side of x = 0. By using the filtering scheme, we analyze the phases of an harmonic at different spatial locations. It is found that the phase difference leads the odd-order harmonics to increase and the even-order harmonics to disappear. These findings contribute to the understanding of the physical mechanism of higher harmonic generated from an atom irradiated by strong laser pulses.

Reference (22)

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