Research progress of organic solar cells based on photonic crystals

Lan Wei-Xia; Gu Jia-Lu; Gao Xiao-Hui; Liao Ying-Jie; Zhong Song-Yi; Zhang Wei-Dong; Peng Yan; Sun Yu; Wei Bin

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201805

Abstract

With the rapid development of photovoltaic industry in recent years, organic solar cells have attracted much attention due to their advantages of low cost, light weight, capacity of batch production, simple production process and flexible performance. However, there are still some limitations hindering their commercialization process, including low photoelectric conversion efficiency and poor transmission color rendering. The introduction of photonic crystals provides a new way to solve these two problems. Starting from the optimization principle of photonic crystals, the effects of both one-dimensional photonic crystals and two-dimensional photonic crystals on organic solar cells, especially the short circuit current and photoelectric conversion efficiency, are systematically summarized in this paper. Then, we focus on the reasons for the performance improvement of organic solar cells based on one-dimensional photonic crystals and two-dimensional photonic crystals. The results of the experiments and characterization show that the performance improvement is mainly attributed to the photonic crystal acting as the reflector in the device. Photonic bandgap, a vivid property that the photonic crystals have, can block the light transmitting organic solar cells at a certain frequency. So, the light within the photonic bandgap is reflected back into the device, thus promoting the secondary absorption of light by the active layer which can result in the stronger light absorption capacity of the active layer, and then improving the performance of the device. In addition, the reason why one-dimensional photonic crystals can be used to regulate the color rendering of semitransparent organic solar cell is described in detail. This is of great significance to photovoltaic construction industry because semitransparent organic solar cells with excellent color rendering property can be widely used in it. However, due to the limitation of photonic crystal optimization mechanism, the reported applications so far have failed to improve the filling factor and open circuit voltage of the device, and due to the limitation of its own structure, three-dimensional photonic crystals have not been reported to be used in organic solar cells. Finally, by combining the existing research progress of organic optoelectronic devices, we look into the future research direction of organic solar cells based on photonic crystals.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Engineering Research Center of Unmanned Intelligent Marine Equipment, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
2.
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Corresponding author: Zhong Song-Yi, zhongsongyi@shu.edu.cn ; Zhang Wei-Dong, zhangwd@sjtu.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2019YFB1703604) and the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62005152)

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References

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[20]	Zheng W H, Luo X H, Zhang Y D, Ye C B, Qin A J, Cao Y, Hou L T 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 23190 Google Scholar
[21]	Ramirez Quiroz C, Bronnbauer C, Levchuk L, Hou Y, Brabec C, Forberich K 2016 ACS Nano 10 5104 Google Scholar
[22]	Lu J H, Lin Y H, Jiang B H, Yeh C H, Kao J C, Chen C P 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1703398 Google Scholar
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图 1 光子晶体结构示意图:　(a) 一维; (b) 二维; (c) 三维

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of photonic crystal: (a) One-dimensional; (b) two-dimensional; (c) three-dimensional.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 制备有(WO₃/LiF)^N的STOSC; (b) N取不同值时(WO₃/LiF)^N的反射光谱; (c) N取不同值时(WO₃/LiF)^N的透射光谱^[13]

Figure 2. (a) Structure of STOSC with (WO₃/LiF)^N; (b) reflection spectra of (WO₃/LiF)^N; (c) transmission spectra of (WO₃/LiF)^N^[13].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) (TiO₂/SiO₂)横截面的扫描电子显微镜图像(比例尺为200 nm); (b) 制备有(TiO₂/SiO₂)的STOSC器件^[14]

Figure 3. (a) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscope images of (TiO₂/SiO₂) (Scale 200 nm); (b) the structure of STOSC with (TiO₂/SiO₂) ^[14].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 具有叠层1DPCs的STOSC结构^[19]

Figure 4. Configuration of the STOSC based on tandem 1DPCs ^[19].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 制备有F-1DFCs的全柔性STOSC器件结构^[20]

Figure 5. Device structure of all-flexible STOSC with F-1DPCs ^[20].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 STOSC的透视颜色对应的CIE坐标^[20]　(a) 基于非富勒烯; (b) 基于富勒烯

Figure 6. Corresponding CIE coordinates of all-flexible STOSC ^[20]: (a) With polymer F-1DPCs; (b) without polymer F-1DPCs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a) 器件结构; (b) 1DPCs具有不同周期数时P3HT:PCBM的模拟吸收光谱^[23]

Figure 7. (a) Device structure; (b) simulated absorptivity spectra in the P3HT:PCBM layer with different periods of 1DPCs ^[23].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 图案化的P3HT:PCBM 2DPC的扫描电子显微镜形貌^[27]

Figure 8. Scanning electron microscope image of 2D photonic crystal slab in P3HT:PCBM^[27].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 (a) Au NPs在AAO中的分布; (b) 制备有Au NPs-AAO的OSC器件结构^[28]

Figure 9. (a) Distribution of Au NPs in AAO; (b) the OSC device with Au NPs-AAO ^[28].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 具有MEN的ZnO层和紫外线固化树脂模板的AFM形貌^[29]　(a) ZnO层; (b) 紫外线固化树脂模板

Figure 10. AFM morphologies of ZnO and UV-resin templates with MEN ^[29]: (a) ZnO; (b) UV-resin templates.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 制备有MEN的器件结构以及四种器件的电流密度-电压特征曲线和外量子效率曲线^[29]　(a) 制备有MEN的器件结构; (b) 电流密度-电压特征曲线; (c) 外量子效率曲线

Figure 11. Device structure with MEN, the J-V characteristic curves and the EQE spectra of the four devices ^[29]: (a) The device structure with MEN; (b) the J-V characteristic curves; (c) the EQE spectra.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 活性层为2DPCs结构的OSCs器件结构以及器件的电流密度-电压特征曲线和IPCE曲线^[30]　(a)器件结构; (b) 电流密度-电压特征曲线; (c) IPCE曲线

Figure 12. Structure with an active layer of 2DPCs, the J-V characteristic curves and the IPCE spectra of the OSC device ^[30]: (a) The structure; (b) the J-V characteristic curves; (c) the IPCE spectra.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 无/有(WO₃/LiF)^N 的STOSC器件的详细性能参数^[13]

Table 1. Detailed performance parameters of STOSC devices without/with (WO₃/LiF)^N ^[13].

器件类型	J_SC/ (mA·cm^–2)	开路电压 V_OC/V	填充因子(fill factor, FF)/%	PCE/%
无1DPCs	6.00	0.64	50.0	1.92
(WO₃/LiF)²	6.39	0.64	50.1	2.05
(WO₃/LiF)⁴	7.01	0.64	50.4	2.26
(WO₃/LiF)⁶	7.51	0.64	48.7	2.34
(WO₃/LiF)⁸	7.90	0.64	48.7	2.46

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 无/有Au NPs-AAO的OSC器件的详细性能参数^[28]

Table 2. Detailed performance parameters of OSC devices without/with Au NPs-AAO ^[28].

器件类型	J_SC/(mA·cm^–2)	V_OC/V	FF/%	PCE/%
无Au NPs-AAO	3.98	0.61	43	1.07
有Au NPs-AAO	6.05	0.61	51	1.51

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Yao M N, Li T F, Long Y B, Shen P, Wang G X, Li C L, Liu J S, Guo W B, Wang Y F, Shen L, Zhan X W 2020 Sci. Bull. 65 217 Google Scholar
[2]	陶春先, 王琦, 李业, 王振云, 卢忠荣, 张大伟 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1173 Google Scholar Tao C X, Wang Q, LI Y, Wang Z Y, Lu Z R, Zhang D W 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1173 Google Scholar
[3]	方云团, 王张鑫, 范尔盼, 李小雪, 王洪金 2020 物理学报 69 184101 Google Scholar Fang Y T, Wang Z X, Fan E P, Li X X, Wang H J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 184101 Google Scholar
[4]	刘亮, 韩德专, 石磊 2020 物理学报 69 157301 Google Scholar Liu L, Han D Z, Shi L 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 157301 Google Scholar
[5]	苏安, 蒙成举, 唐秀福, 潘继环, 高英俊 2020 红外与激光工程 48 0817001 Su A, Meng C J, Tang X F, Pan J H, Gao Y J 2020 Infrared and Laser Engineering 48 0817001
[6]	Liu L, Lim S Y, Law C S, Jin B, Abell A D, Ni G, Santos A 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 57079 Google Scholar
[7]	Villeneuve P R, Piché M 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 4969 Google Scholar
[8]	Li H, Wang J J, Ma Y T, Chu J, Cheng X A, Shi L, Jiang T 2020 Nanophotonics 9 4337 Google Scholar
[9]	Wu Y, Liu G J, Li H, Han P S, Cheng J Y, Zhou L 2020 Phys. Status Solidi A 217 1900539 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng X, Zhou X, Tao L Y, Yu W T, Liu C, Cheng Y, Ma C J, Shang N Z, Xie J, Liu K H, Liu Z F 2020 Nanoscale 12 14472 Google Scholar
[11]	McNulty D, Landgraf V, Trabesinger S 2020 RSC Adv. 10 24108 Google Scholar
[12]	Arunachalam M, Kwag S, Lee I, Kim C S, Lee S K, Kang S H 2019 Korean J. Mater. Res. 29 491 Google Scholar
[13]	Yu W J, Shen L, Shen P, Meng F X, Long Y B, Wang Y A, Lv T Y, Ruan S P, Chen G H 2013 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 117 198 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang Y D, Peng Z S, Cai C S, Liu Z, Lin Y B, Zheng W H, Yang J Y, Hou L T, Cao Y 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A 4 11821 Google Scholar
[15]	Liu F, Zhou Z C, Zhang C, Zhang J Y, Hu Q, Vergote T, P.Russell T, Zhu X Z 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1606574 Google Scholar
[16]	Long Y B 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 093310 Google Scholar
[17]	Yu W J, Shen L, Long Y B, Guo W B, Meng F X, Ruan S P, Jia X, Ma H S, Chen W Y 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 153307 Google Scholar
[18]	Xu G Y, Shen L, Cui C H, Wen S P, Xue R M, Chen W J, Chen H Y, Zhang J W, Li H K, Li Y W, Li Y F 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1605908 Google Scholar
[19]	梁文跃, 钟锦耀, 徐海涛, 邓海东, 王奇生, 龙拥兵 2018 光子学报 47 0823003 Google Scholar Liang W Y, Zhong J Y, Xu H T, Deng H D, Wang Q S, Long Y B 2018 Acta Photonica Sin. 47 0823003 Google Scholar
[20]	Zheng W H, Luo X H, Zhang Y D, Ye C B, Qin A J, Cao Y, Hou L T 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 23190 Google Scholar
[21]	Ramirez Quiroz C, Bronnbauer C, Levchuk L, Hou Y, Brabec C, Forberich K 2016 ACS Nano 10 5104 Google Scholar
[22]	Lu J H, Lin Y H, Jiang B H, Yeh C H, Kao J C, Chen C P 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1703398 Google Scholar
[23]	Zhang X L, Song J F, Li X B, Feng J, Sun H B 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 243901 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu J S, Yao M N, Shen L 2019 J. Mater. Chem. C 7 3121 Google Scholar
[25]	Kang S M, Jang S, Lee J K, Yoon D, Yoo D E, Lee J W, Choi M, Park N G 2016 Small 12 2443 Google Scholar
[26]	赵聪, 马颖, 汪洋, 周雪, 李会增, 李明珠, 宋延林 2018 化学学报 76 9 Google Scholar Zhao C, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Li H Z, Li M Z, Song Y L 2018 Acta Chim. Sinica 76 9 Google Scholar
[27]	Duche D, Masclaux C, Rouzo J, Gourgon C 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 117 053108
[28]	Jo H, Sohn A, Shin K S, Kumar B, Kim J H, Kim D W, Kim S W 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 1030 Google Scholar
[29]	Zhou L, Ou Q D, Chen J D, Shen S, Tang J X, Li Y Q, Lee S T 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4040 Google Scholar
[30]	Lan W X, Wang Y W, Singh J, Zhu F R 2018 ACS Photonics 5 1144 Google Scholar
[31]	周朋超, 张卫东, 顾嘉陆, 陈卉敏, 胡腾达, 蒲华燕, 兰伟霞, 魏斌 2020 物理学报 69 198801 Google Scholar Zhou P C, Zhang W D, Gu J L, Chen H M, Hu T D, Pu H Y, Lan W X, Wei B 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 198801 Google Scholar

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