High field X-ray laser physics

Shen Bai-Fei; Ji Liang-Liang; Zhang Xiao-Mei; Bu Zhi-Gang; Xu Jian-Cai

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210096

Abstract

Development of coherent X-ray source, especially X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), offers a new approach to reaching a strong X-ray field. High field laser physics will extend from optical to X-ray regime since the X-ray beam has high photon energy, high intensity and ultrashort pulse duration. Till now, nonlinear atomic physics and nonlinear molecular physics have been explored based on intense X-ray beam sources. They will extend to relativistic physics and quantum electrodynamics (QED) physics area with X-ray intensity increasing, and thus offering a new opportunity to innovatively investigate the particle acceleration and radiation, QED vacuum, dark matter generation and vacuum birefringence. This review provides an overview of the wake field acceleration, vacuum birefringence as well as axion generation and detection based on strong X-ray laser field. Intense X-ray pulse will show unique potential both in basic science and in practical applications. Finally, an outlook for the future development and perspectives of high-field X-ray physics is described. The invention of chirped pulse amplification results in the generation of the light intensity in the relativistic regime (> 10¹⁸ W/cm²). Laser-plasma interaction in this regime motivates multiple disciplines such as laser-driven particle acceleration, laser secondary radiation sources, strong-field physics, etc. While petawatt (PW) lasers have been established in various institutions, several projects of building 10 PW or even 100 PW lasers are proposed. However, pushing the laser power to the next level (EW) confronts significant challenges. Current technology is approaching to its limit in producing large aperture size optics due to the damage threshold of optical material. Alternatively, plasma is considered as a potential medium to amplify or compress laser pulses. This requires further validation in future studies. In recent years, XFEL has made significant progress of producing high brightness light sources. Based on self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) or self-seeding in undulators, the XFEL provides a brightest light source up to the hard X-ray wavelength. The existing major XFEL facilities are LCLS-II in USA, EuXFEL in Europe, SACLA in Japan, Swiss FEL in Switzerland and PAL-XFEL in South Korea. In China, a new facility SHINE consisting of a high-repetition rate hard X-ray FEL and ultra-intense optical laser is under construction. After implementing the tapered undulator in XFEL, the peak power of X-ray pulses now reaches multi-terawatt. The pulses can also be compressed to an attosecond level. Following this trend, it is expected that the coherent XFEL will be able to generate a super strong light field, thus pushing strong-field physics to the X-ray regime. The relativistic threshold for 1-nm X-ray is about 10²⁴ W/cm², which we believe will be achievable in the near future. Such relativistic X-ray pulses can be used to stimulate relativistic dynamics in solid materials, realizing high-gradient low-emittance particle acceleration in solids. This may open a new path towards high-energy physics, advanced light sources, fast imaging, etc. In addition, the combination of strong X-rays and ultra-intense lasers offers a new opportunity to study the light-by-light scattering in vacuum and detecting the candidate particles for dark matter. The field of strong-field X-ray physics is largely unexplored realm. In this review, we show a few key science cases brought up by high power X-rays and shed light on this important direction.The ultra-intense coherent X-ray laser with a wavelength in a range from 100 nm to less than 0.1nm can interact directly with the nanostructured materials with solid density. Benefiting from the ultra-intense field and ultra-high critical density, acceleration field with gradient of TeV/cm can be stimulated on a nanometer scale, and thus ultra-high energy particle beams can be obtained. The available nanometer material technique promotes such a development. For example, the recent research reported that high-repetition/few-attosecond high-quality electron beams can be generated from crystal driven by an intense X-ray laser. Beside electrons, ions including protons are expected to be accelerated to ultra-high energy via target normal sheath or light pressure acceleration mechanisms on a nanometer scale if the X-ray is intense enough. It should be noted that ultra-high acceleration gradient is not the unique advantage of the X-ray laser driven acceleration. A more important quality is the beam emittance that can be low enough because of the small size of the beam source. This is very significant for ultrafast microscopy to achieve a high resolution.In classical physics, photon-photon interaction is prohibited in vacuum. However, according to the QED theory, vacuum is full of quantum fluctuation, in which virtual particle-antiparticle pairs emerge and annihilate in ultra-short instants. When excited by strong fields, the vacuum fluctuation appears as a weak nonlinear medium and allows photon-photon interaction therein, which is referred to as vacuum polarization. Based on the effective field theory, the vacuum polarization can be described by Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian density, and then classical Maxwell equations are modified. Vacuum polarization can induce some novel physical effects, including vacuum birefringence, light-by-light scattering, vacuum diffraction, etc. Up to now, none of these effects has been verified experimentally under strong fields. The XFEL is regarded as a promising probe to explore these vacuum polarization effects. In this paper, the research progress of vacuum polarization driven by strong fields is summarized, the potential detection proposal using XFEL is discussed.Dark matter is one of the puzzles in contemporary physics. Till now, we still have not known what particles constitute it. Axion is a spinless massive hypothetical boson that is proposed as the solution to strong CP problem. It is the particle beyond the standard model and has extremely weak interaction with the standard-model particle like photon, and hence there appears a significant obstacle to detecting it. Therefore, axion and axion-like-particles (ALPs) are a kind of promising candidate of dark matter. In this paper, we summarize the research progress of axions and ALP detection, including detecting the axions sources from universe, the production and detection of artificial axions and ALPs. It is shown that the XFEL is a potential tool for detecting the artificial axions and ALPs under strong electromagnetic fields.The XFEL provides a coherent ultrafast X-ray beam for exploring particle acceleration and radiation, QED vacuum, dark matter generation, vacuum birefringence, etc. The probing of these dynamics requires different X-ray diagnoses, including the measurement of polarization purity, spectrum, pulse duration and focal condition. The X-ray polarization purity has been improved to a 10^-10 level by using 6 reflections based on channel-cut silicon crystal and it will efficiently probe the vacuum birefringence. The pulse duration of isolated X-ray pulse in FEL reaches as short as 200 as, which allows probing ultrafast electron dynamics. A new self-seeding scheme using the Bragg reflection in SACLA is developed to obtain a narrow spectrum of 3 eV, 10 times smaller than that in the current SASE scheme. Therefore, the fast development of X-ray diagnostics will finely characterize X-ray beam itself and offer a unique tool for understanding the underlying phenomena for different applications.The peak intensity of coherent X-ray beam will reach to a relativistic level in future. A possible way is CPA technology, which is well developed in intense near-infrared laser system and may produce an ultrahigh intense attosecond X-ray pulse. High field X-ray laser physics will offer new opportunities both for basic science and for revolutionary application.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Mathematics & Science College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

Corresponding author: Shen Bai-Fei, bfshen@shnu.edu.cn

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Strickland D, Mourou G 1985 Opt. Commun. 55 447 Google Scholar
[2]	Tajima T, Dawson J M 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267 Google Scholar
[3]	Phuoc K T, Corde S, Thaury C, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 308 Google Scholar
[4]	Rousse A, Phuoc K T, Shah R, et al. 2004 Phys.Rev. Lett. 93 135005 Google Scholar
[5]	DI Piazza A, Mueller C, Hatsagortsyan K Z, et al. 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 1177 Google Scholar
[6]	Malkin V M, Shvets G, Fisch N J 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4448 Google Scholar
[7]	Wu H C, Sheng Z M, Zhang J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 201502 Google Scholar
[8]	Bulanov S V, Esirkepov T, Tajima T 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 085001 Google Scholar
[9]	Ji L L, Shen B F, Li D X, et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 025001 Google Scholar
[10]	Madey J M J 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 1906 Google Scholar
[11]	Emma P, Akpe R, Arthur J, et al. 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641 Google Scholar
[12]	Suckewer S, Skinner C H, Milchberg H, et al. 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 1753 Google Scholar
[13]	Matthews D L, Hagelstein P L, Rosen M D, et al. 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 110 Google Scholar
[14]	Saldin E L, Sandner W, Sanok Z, et al. 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3825 Google Scholar
[15]	Kim K J 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 1871 Google Scholar
[16]	Amann J, Berg W, Blank V, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 693 Google Scholar
[17]	Yu L H, Babzien M, Ben-Zvi I, et al. 2000 Science 289 932 Google Scholar
[18]	Feng C, Deng H X 2018 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29 160 Google Scholar
[19]	Orzechowski T J, Anderson B R, Clark J C, et al. 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 2172 Google Scholar
[20]	Emma C, Pellegrini C, Fang K, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 020705 Google Scholar
[21]	Lutman A A, Guetg M W, Maxwell T J, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 264801 Google Scholar
[22]	Duris J, Li S, Driver T, et al. 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 30 Google Scholar
[23]	Mourou G, Mironov S, Khazanov E, et al. 2014 Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top. 223 1181 Google Scholar
[24]	Naumova N M, Nees J A, Sokolov I V, et al. 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 063902 Google Scholar
[25]	Lichters R, Meyertervehn J, Pukhov A 1996 Phys. Plasmas 3 3425 Google Scholar
[26]	Bulanov S V, Naumova N M, Pegoraro F 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 745 Google Scholar
[27]	Dromey B, Zepf M, Gopal A, et al. 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 456 Google Scholar
[28]	Gonsalves A J, Nakamura K, Daniels J, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 084801 Google Scholar
[29]	Blumenfeld I, Clayton C E, Decker F J, et al. 2007 Nature 445 741 Google Scholar
[30]	Tajima T 2014 Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top. 223 1037 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang X M, Tajima T, Farinella D, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 101004 Google Scholar
[32]	Liang Z F, Shen B F, Zhang X M, et al. 2020 Matter Radiat at Extremes 5 054401 Google Scholar
[33]	Lamb W E, Retherford R C 1947 Phys. Rev. 72 241 Google Scholar
[34]	Nafe J E, Nelson E B, Rabi I I 1947 Phys. Rev. 71 914 Google Scholar
[35]	Heisenberg W, Euler H 1936 Zeitschrift für Physik 98 714 Google Scholar
[36]	Schwinger J 1951 Phys. Rev. 82 664 Google Scholar
[37]	Shen B, Bu Z, Xu J, et al. 2018 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 60 044002 Google Scholar
[38]	Dinu V, Heinzl T, Ilderton A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 125003 Google Scholar
[39]	Dinu V, Heinzl T, Ilderton A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 045025 Google Scholar
[40]	Schlenvoigt H P, Heinzl T, Schramm U, et al. 2016 Phys. Scr. 91 023010 Google Scholar
[41]	Heinzl T, Liesfeld B, Amthor K U, et al. 2006 Opt. Commun. 267 318 Google Scholar
[42]	Karbstein F 2018 Phys. Rev. D 98 056010 Google Scholar
[43]	Karbstein F, Sundqvist C 2016 Phys. Rev. D 94 013004 Google Scholar
[44]	King B, Elkina N 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 062102 Google Scholar
[45]	Marx B, Schulze K S, Uschmann I, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 254801 Google Scholar
[46]	Xu D, Shen B, Xu J, et al. 2020 Nucl Instrum.Methods A 982 164553 Google Scholar
[47]	Shen B F, Yu M Y, Wang X 2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 4570 Google Scholar
[48]	Lundin J, Marklund M, Lundström E, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 043821 Google Scholar
[49]	Lundström E, Brodin G, Lundin J, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 083602 Google Scholar
[50]	King B, Keitel C H 2012 New J. Phys. 14 103002 Google Scholar
[51]	King B, Heinzl T 2016 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 4 010000e5 Google Scholar
[52]	Boehl P, King B, Ruhl H 2016 J. Plasma Phys. 82 655820202 Google Scholar
[53]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Kohlfürst C, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 076002 Google Scholar
[54]	King B, Hu H, Shen B 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 023817 Google Scholar
[55]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Kohlfürst C 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 036022 Google Scholar
[56]	Karbstein F, Shaisultanov R 2015 Phys. Rev. D 91 113002 Google Scholar
[57]	Huang S, Jin B, Shen B 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 013004 Google Scholar
[58]	Briscese F 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 053801 Google Scholar
[59]	Rätzel D, Wilkens M, Menzel R 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 012101 Google Scholar
[60]	Aboushelbaya R, Glize K, Savin A F, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 113604 Google Scholar
[61]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 083603 Google Scholar
[62]	King B, Di Piazza A, Keitel C H 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 92 Google Scholar
[63]	King B, Di Piazza A, Keitel C H 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 032114 Google Scholar
[64]	Tommasini D, Michinel H 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 011803 Google Scholar
[65]	Kryuchkyan G Y, Hatsagortsyan K Z 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 053604 Google Scholar
[66]	Fedotov A M, Narozhny N B 2007 Phys. Lett. A 362 1 Google Scholar
[67]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 062109 Google Scholar
[68]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 010403 Google Scholar
[69]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Shaisultanov R 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 033007 Google Scholar
[70]	Di Piazza A, Milstein A I, Keitel C H 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 032103 Google Scholar
[71]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Seegert N 2016 Phys. Rev. D 93 085034 Google Scholar
[72]	Mendonca J T, Marklund M, Shukla R K 2006 Phys. Lett. A 359 700 Google Scholar
[73]	Brunthaler A, Reid M J, Falcke H, et al. 2005 Science 307 1440 Google Scholar
[74]	Rubin V C, Ford W K, Thonnard N 1980 Astrophys. J. 238 471 Google Scholar
[75]	Walsh D, Carswell R F, Weymann R J 1979 Nature 279 381 Google Scholar
[76]	Clowe D, Bradac M, Gonzalez A H, et al. 2006 Astrophys. J. 648 L109 Google Scholar
[77]	Hinshaw G, Weiland J L, Hill R S, et al. 2009 Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 180 225 Google Scholar
[78]	Boggess N W, Mather J C, Weiss R, et al. 1992 Astrophys. J. 397 420 Google Scholar
[79]	Adam R, Ade P A R, Aghanim N, et al. 2016 Astron. Astrophys. 594 A1 Google Scholar
[80]	Sikivie P 2010 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 25 554 Google Scholar
[81]	Duffy L D, Van Bibber K 2009 New J. Phys. 11 105008 Google Scholar
[82]	Abbott L F, Sikivie P A 1983 Phys. Lett. B 120 133 Google Scholar
[83]	Covi L, Kim J E, Roszkowski L 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4180 Google Scholar
[84]	Wilczel F 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 279 Google Scholar
[85]	Weinberg S 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 223 Google Scholar
[86]	Peccei R D, Quinn H R 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 1440 Google Scholar
[87]	Bardeen W A, Peccei R D, Yanagida T 1987 Nucl. Phys. B 279 401 Google Scholar
[88]	Asano Y, Kikutani F, Kurokawa S, et al. 1981 Phys. Lett. B 107 159 Google Scholar
[89]	Sikivie P 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1415 Google Scholar
[90]	Shifman M A, Vainshtein A I, Zakharov V I 1980 Nucl. Phys. B 166 493
[91]	Kim J E 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 103 Google Scholar
[92]	Arik E, Aune S, Autiero D, et al. 2009 J.Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2 008 Google Scholar
[93]	Andriamonje S, Aune S, Autiero D 2007 J. Cosmol. Astropart Phys. 4 010 Google Scholar
[94]	Anastassoppulos V, Aune S, Barth K, et al. 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 584 Google Scholar
[95]	Collaboration C, Zioutas K, Andriamonje S, et al. 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 121301 Google Scholar
[96]	Della Valle F, Gastaldi U, et al. 2013 New J. Phys. 15 053026 Google Scholar
[97]	Della Valle F, Ejlli A, Gastaldi U, et al. 2016 Eur. Phys. J. C 76 24 Google Scholar
[98]	Della Valle F, Milotti E, Ejlli A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 092003 Google Scholar
[99]	Ahlers M, Gies H, Jaeckel J, et al. 2007 Phys. Rev. D 75 035011 Google Scholar
[100]	Collaboration P, Zavattini E, Zavattini G, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 110406 Google Scholar
[101]	Villalba-Chavez S, Podszus T, Mueller C 2017 Phys. Lett. B 769 233 Google Scholar
[102]	Villalba-Chavez S, Di Piazza A 2013 J. High Energy Phys. 2013 136 Google Scholar
[103]	Villalba-Chavez S 2014 Nucl. Phys. B 881 391 Google Scholar
[104]	Tommasini D, Ferrando A, Michinel H, et al. 2009 J. High Energy Phys. 11 043 Google Scholar
[105]	Wilczek F 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1799 Google Scholar
[106]	Sulc M, Pugnat P, Ballou R, et al. 2013 Nucl. Instrum.Methods A 718 530 Google Scholar
[107]	Collaboration O, Pugnat P, Duvillaret L, et al. 2008 Phys. Rev. D 78 092003 Google Scholar
[108]	Ehret K, Frede M, Ghazaryan S, et al. 2010 Phys. Lett. B 689 149 Google Scholar
[109]	Ehret K, Frede M, Ghazaryan S, et al. 2009 Nucl. Instrum.Methods A 612 83 Google Scholar
[110]	Huang S, Shen S, Bu Z, et al. 2020 arXiv: 2005.02910 v2.
[111]	https://shine.shanghaitech.edu.cn/main.htm [2021-1-1]
[112]	Decking W, Abeghyan S, Abramian P, et al. 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 391 Google Scholar
[113]	Heeg K P, Wille H C, Schlage K, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 073601 Google Scholar
[114]	Toellner T S, Alp E E, Sturhahn W, et al. 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 1993 Google Scholar
[115]	Marx B, Ushmann I, Hofer S, et al. 2011 Opt. Commun. 284 915 Google Scholar
[116]	Bernhardt H, Marx-Glowna B, Schulze K S, et al. 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 121106 Google Scholar
[117]	Schulze K S 2018 APL Photonics 3 126106 Google Scholar
[118]	Bernhardt H, Schmitt A T, Grabiger B, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Research 2 023365 Google Scholar
[119]	Fruehling U, Wieland M, Gensch M, et al. 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 523 Google Scholar
[120]	Hentschel M, Kienberger R, Spielmann C, et al. 2001 Nature 414 509 Google Scholar
[121]	Drescher M, Hentschel M, Kieberger R, et al. 2001 Science 291 1923 Google Scholar
[122]	Grguras I, Maier A R, Behrens C, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 852 Google Scholar
[123]	Hartmann N, Helml W, Galler A, et al. 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 706 Google Scholar
[124]	Helml W, Maier A R, Schweinberger W, et al. 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 950 Google Scholar
[125]	Kazansky A K, Bozhevolnov A V, Sazhina I P, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 013407 Google Scholar
[126]	Hartmann N, Hartmann G, Heider R, et al. 2018 Nat. Photonics 12 215 Google Scholar
[127]	David C, Gorelick S, Rutishauser S, et al. 2011 Sci. Rep. 1 57 Google Scholar
[128]	Yumoto H, Mimura H, Koyama T, et al. 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 43 Google Scholar
[129]	Mimura H, Yumoto H, Matsuyama S, et al. 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3539 Google Scholar
[130]	Schropp A, Hoppe R, Meier V, et al. 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1633 Google Scholar
[131]	Liu Y, Seaberg M, Zhu D, et al. 2018 Optica 5 967 Google Scholar
[132]	Liu Y, Seaberg M, Feng Y, et al. 2020 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 27 254 Google Scholar
[133]	Pikuz T, Faenov A, Matsuoka T, et al. 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 17713 Google Scholar
[134]	Yabashi M, Hastings J B, Zolotorev M S, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 084802 Google Scholar
[135]	Zhu D, Cammarata M, Feldkamp J M, et al. 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 034103 Google Scholar
[136]	Karvinen P, Rutishauser S, Mozzanica A, et al. 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 5073 Google Scholar
[137]	Makita M, Karvinen P, Zhu D, et al. 2015 Optica 2 912 Google Scholar
[138]	Inoue I, Osaka T, Hara T, et al. 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 319 Google Scholar
[139]	Matsumura S, Osaka T, Inoue I, et al. 2020 Opt. Express 28 25706 Google Scholar
[140]	Rohringer N, Ryan D, London R A, et al. 2012 Nature 481 488 Google Scholar
[141]	Young L, Kanter E P, Kraessig B, et al. 2010 Nature 466 56 Google Scholar
[142]	Weninger C, Purvis M, Ryan D, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 233902 Google Scholar
[143]	Stöhr J, Scherz A 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 107402 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 上海硬X射线自由电子激光装置SHINE示意图^[18]

Figure 1. Schematic of Shanghai high repetition rate XFEL and extreme light facility (SHINE)^[18].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 超强激光产生相干X射线脉冲的原理. 利用薄膜将数十飞秒的可见光波段激光压缩至数飞秒(单周期)^[23], 压缩后与固体等离子体表面相互作用. 通过“相对论振荡镜”机制产生单个相干的阿秒X射线脉冲辐射^[24]

Figure 2. Coherent X-ray beam generation based on relativistic laser pulse: A foil works as a compressor to single cycle from optical laser pulse with pulse duration of several tens femtoseconds^[23]. When the compressed laser pulse reaches a solid target surface, single X-ray attosecond pulse is produced based on relativistic oscillating mirror scheme^[24].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 真空极化单圈费曼图; (b) 光子-光子散射费曼图

Figure 3. (a) One-loop contribution to the vacuum polarization diagram; (b) diagram of photon-photon scattering.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 X光探针与相对传播的强激光碰撞后的椭偏率^[37]

Figure 4. Ellipticity of the XFEL beam when it head-on collides with 100 PW laser pulse^[37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 QED真空双折射实验示意图^[37]

Figure 5. Schematic design for the proposed QED vacuum birefringence experiment^[37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 四波混频示意图, 三束入射光相互作用散射出信号光^[48,49]

Figure 6. Schematic three-dimensional setup for four-wave mixing, the signal is scattered in the interaction of three incident light beams (two incoming beams (in blue), an assisting one (in red))^[48,49].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 强激光与XFEL的真空四波混频示意图^[57], 二者分别沿着逆x轴和顺x轴方向传播, 对撞时发生相互作用, 并以θ角度散射出信号光, 总的散射光是所有散射光子的相干叠加, 并形成一个散射环

Figure 7. Schematic design for four-wave mixing using strong laser and XFEL probe, laser and XFEL are travelling backwards and forwards along the x-axis, and polarized in z and y direction, respectively. The scattered photons are emitted in the oblique angle of θ. The composition of all the scattered photons forms a scattering ring.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 真空双缝衍射条纹^[62], 黑色“叉”标记的是普通双缝衍射极小值的位置, 与真空极化衍射的极小值相符

Figure 8. Vacuum bright and dark diffraction fringes resembling the characteristic double-slit pattern, the crosses indicate the prediction of the classic formula for minima, which is consistent with the vacuum diffraction.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 X光偏振纯度提升装置示意图^[115]

Figure 9. Experimental setup of high-purity polarization state of X-rays^[115].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 利用THz场测量飞秒X光脉冲时域波形^[119]

Figure 10. Schematic of the experimental setup for terahertz-field-driven X-ray streak camera^[119].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 利用圆偏振steaking场测量X光脉冲宽度^[126]

Figure 11. Angular streaking resolves the X-ray pulse structure via angle-dependent kinetic energy changes of photoelectrons^[126].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 X光波前测量^[132]

Figure 12. Schematic of the X-ray wavefront sensor^[132].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 测量X光光谱的几种方案比较^[137]

Figure 13. Schematic drawings of the setup concepts for hard X-ray single shot spectrometers^[137].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 Self-seeding模式产生方案^[138]

Figure 14. Schematic of the reflection self-seeding at SACLA^[138].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Strickland D, Mourou G 1985 Opt. Commun. 55 447 Google Scholar
[2]	Tajima T, Dawson J M 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 267 Google Scholar
[3]	Phuoc K T, Corde S, Thaury C, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 308 Google Scholar
[4]	Rousse A, Phuoc K T, Shah R, et al. 2004 Phys.Rev. Lett. 93 135005 Google Scholar
[5]	DI Piazza A, Mueller C, Hatsagortsyan K Z, et al. 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 1177 Google Scholar
[6]	Malkin V M, Shvets G, Fisch N J 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4448 Google Scholar
[7]	Wu H C, Sheng Z M, Zhang J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 201502 Google Scholar
[8]	Bulanov S V, Esirkepov T, Tajima T 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 085001 Google Scholar
[9]	Ji L L, Shen B F, Li D X, et al. 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 025001 Google Scholar
[10]	Madey J M J 1971 J. Appl. Phys. 42 1906 Google Scholar
[11]	Emma P, Akpe R, Arthur J, et al. 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641 Google Scholar
[12]	Suckewer S, Skinner C H, Milchberg H, et al. 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 1753 Google Scholar
[13]	Matthews D L, Hagelstein P L, Rosen M D, et al. 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 54 110 Google Scholar
[14]	Saldin E L, Sandner W, Sanok Z, et al. 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3825 Google Scholar
[15]	Kim K J 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 1871 Google Scholar
[16]	Amann J, Berg W, Blank V, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 693 Google Scholar
[17]	Yu L H, Babzien M, Ben-Zvi I, et al. 2000 Science 289 932 Google Scholar
[18]	Feng C, Deng H X 2018 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29 160 Google Scholar
[19]	Orzechowski T J, Anderson B R, Clark J C, et al. 1986 Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 2172 Google Scholar
[20]	Emma C, Pellegrini C, Fang K, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 020705 Google Scholar
[21]	Lutman A A, Guetg M W, Maxwell T J, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 264801 Google Scholar
[22]	Duris J, Li S, Driver T, et al. 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 30 Google Scholar
[23]	Mourou G, Mironov S, Khazanov E, et al. 2014 Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top. 223 1181 Google Scholar
[24]	Naumova N M, Nees J A, Sokolov I V, et al. 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 063902 Google Scholar
[25]	Lichters R, Meyertervehn J, Pukhov A 1996 Phys. Plasmas 3 3425 Google Scholar
[26]	Bulanov S V, Naumova N M, Pegoraro F 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 745 Google Scholar
[27]	Dromey B, Zepf M, Gopal A, et al. 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 456 Google Scholar
[28]	Gonsalves A J, Nakamura K, Daniels J, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 084801 Google Scholar
[29]	Blumenfeld I, Clayton C E, Decker F J, et al. 2007 Nature 445 741 Google Scholar
[30]	Tajima T 2014 Eur. Phys. J.-Spec. Top. 223 1037 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang X M, Tajima T, Farinella D, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19 101004 Google Scholar
[32]	Liang Z F, Shen B F, Zhang X M, et al. 2020 Matter Radiat at Extremes 5 054401 Google Scholar
[33]	Lamb W E, Retherford R C 1947 Phys. Rev. 72 241 Google Scholar
[34]	Nafe J E, Nelson E B, Rabi I I 1947 Phys. Rev. 71 914 Google Scholar
[35]	Heisenberg W, Euler H 1936 Zeitschrift für Physik 98 714 Google Scholar
[36]	Schwinger J 1951 Phys. Rev. 82 664 Google Scholar
[37]	Shen B, Bu Z, Xu J, et al. 2018 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 60 044002 Google Scholar
[38]	Dinu V, Heinzl T, Ilderton A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 89 125003 Google Scholar
[39]	Dinu V, Heinzl T, Ilderton A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 045025 Google Scholar
[40]	Schlenvoigt H P, Heinzl T, Schramm U, et al. 2016 Phys. Scr. 91 023010 Google Scholar
[41]	Heinzl T, Liesfeld B, Amthor K U, et al. 2006 Opt. Commun. 267 318 Google Scholar
[42]	Karbstein F 2018 Phys. Rev. D 98 056010 Google Scholar
[43]	Karbstein F, Sundqvist C 2016 Phys. Rev. D 94 013004 Google Scholar
[44]	King B, Elkina N 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 062102 Google Scholar
[45]	Marx B, Schulze K S, Uschmann I, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 254801 Google Scholar
[46]	Xu D, Shen B, Xu J, et al. 2020 Nucl Instrum.Methods A 982 164553 Google Scholar
[47]	Shen B F, Yu M Y, Wang X 2003 Phys. Plasmas 10 4570 Google Scholar
[48]	Lundin J, Marklund M, Lundström E, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 043821 Google Scholar
[49]	Lundström E, Brodin G, Lundin J, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 083602 Google Scholar
[50]	King B, Keitel C H 2012 New J. Phys. 14 103002 Google Scholar
[51]	King B, Heinzl T 2016 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 4 010000e5 Google Scholar
[52]	Boehl P, King B, Ruhl H 2016 J. Plasma Phys. 82 655820202 Google Scholar
[53]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Kohlfürst C, et al. 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 076002 Google Scholar
[54]	King B, Hu H, Shen B 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 023817 Google Scholar
[55]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Kohlfürst C 2018 Phys. Rev. D 97 036022 Google Scholar
[56]	Karbstein F, Shaisultanov R 2015 Phys. Rev. D 91 113002 Google Scholar
[57]	Huang S, Jin B, Shen B 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 013004 Google Scholar
[58]	Briscese F 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 053801 Google Scholar
[59]	Rätzel D, Wilkens M, Menzel R 2017 Phys. Rev. A 95 012101 Google Scholar
[60]	Aboushelbaya R, Glize K, Savin A F, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 113604 Google Scholar
[61]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 083603 Google Scholar
[62]	King B, Di Piazza A, Keitel C H 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 92 Google Scholar
[63]	King B, Di Piazza A, Keitel C H 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 032114 Google Scholar
[64]	Tommasini D, Michinel H 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 011803 Google Scholar
[65]	Kryuchkyan G Y, Hatsagortsyan K Z 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 053604 Google Scholar
[66]	Fedotov A M, Narozhny N B 2007 Phys. Lett. A 362 1 Google Scholar
[67]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 062109 Google Scholar
[68]	Di Piazza A, Hatsagortsyan K Z, Keitel C H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 010403 Google Scholar
[69]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Shaisultanov R 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 033007 Google Scholar
[70]	Di Piazza A, Milstein A I, Keitel C H 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 032103 Google Scholar
[71]	Gies H, Karbstein F, Seegert N 2016 Phys. Rev. D 93 085034 Google Scholar
[72]	Mendonca J T, Marklund M, Shukla R K 2006 Phys. Lett. A 359 700 Google Scholar
[73]	Brunthaler A, Reid M J, Falcke H, et al. 2005 Science 307 1440 Google Scholar
[74]	Rubin V C, Ford W K, Thonnard N 1980 Astrophys. J. 238 471 Google Scholar
[75]	Walsh D, Carswell R F, Weymann R J 1979 Nature 279 381 Google Scholar
[76]	Clowe D, Bradac M, Gonzalez A H, et al. 2006 Astrophys. J. 648 L109 Google Scholar
[77]	Hinshaw G, Weiland J L, Hill R S, et al. 2009 Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 180 225 Google Scholar
[78]	Boggess N W, Mather J C, Weiss R, et al. 1992 Astrophys. J. 397 420 Google Scholar
[79]	Adam R, Ade P A R, Aghanim N, et al. 2016 Astron. Astrophys. 594 A1 Google Scholar
[80]	Sikivie P 2010 Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 25 554 Google Scholar
[81]	Duffy L D, Van Bibber K 2009 New J. Phys. 11 105008 Google Scholar
[82]	Abbott L F, Sikivie P A 1983 Phys. Lett. B 120 133 Google Scholar
[83]	Covi L, Kim J E, Roszkowski L 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4180 Google Scholar
[84]	Wilczel F 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 279 Google Scholar
[85]	Weinberg S 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 223 Google Scholar
[86]	Peccei R D, Quinn H R 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 1440 Google Scholar
[87]	Bardeen W A, Peccei R D, Yanagida T 1987 Nucl. Phys. B 279 401 Google Scholar
[88]	Asano Y, Kikutani F, Kurokawa S, et al. 1981 Phys. Lett. B 107 159 Google Scholar
[89]	Sikivie P 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1415 Google Scholar
[90]	Shifman M A, Vainshtein A I, Zakharov V I 1980 Nucl. Phys. B 166 493
[91]	Kim J E 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 103 Google Scholar
[92]	Arik E, Aune S, Autiero D, et al. 2009 J.Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 2 008 Google Scholar
[93]	Andriamonje S, Aune S, Autiero D 2007 J. Cosmol. Astropart Phys. 4 010 Google Scholar
[94]	Anastassoppulos V, Aune S, Barth K, et al. 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 584 Google Scholar
[95]	Collaboration C, Zioutas K, Andriamonje S, et al. 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 121301 Google Scholar
[96]	Della Valle F, Gastaldi U, et al. 2013 New J. Phys. 15 053026 Google Scholar
[97]	Della Valle F, Ejlli A, Gastaldi U, et al. 2016 Eur. Phys. J. C 76 24 Google Scholar
[98]	Della Valle F, Milotti E, Ejlli A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. D 90 092003 Google Scholar
[99]	Ahlers M, Gies H, Jaeckel J, et al. 2007 Phys. Rev. D 75 035011 Google Scholar
[100]	Collaboration P, Zavattini E, Zavattini G, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 110406 Google Scholar
[101]	Villalba-Chavez S, Podszus T, Mueller C 2017 Phys. Lett. B 769 233 Google Scholar
[102]	Villalba-Chavez S, Di Piazza A 2013 J. High Energy Phys. 2013 136 Google Scholar
[103]	Villalba-Chavez S 2014 Nucl. Phys. B 881 391 Google Scholar
[104]	Tommasini D, Ferrando A, Michinel H, et al. 2009 J. High Energy Phys. 11 043 Google Scholar
[105]	Wilczek F 1987 Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 1799 Google Scholar
[106]	Sulc M, Pugnat P, Ballou R, et al. 2013 Nucl. Instrum.Methods A 718 530 Google Scholar
[107]	Collaboration O, Pugnat P, Duvillaret L, et al. 2008 Phys. Rev. D 78 092003 Google Scholar
[108]	Ehret K, Frede M, Ghazaryan S, et al. 2010 Phys. Lett. B 689 149 Google Scholar
[109]	Ehret K, Frede M, Ghazaryan S, et al. 2009 Nucl. Instrum.Methods A 612 83 Google Scholar
[110]	Huang S, Shen S, Bu Z, et al. 2020 arXiv: 2005.02910 v2.
[111]	https://shine.shanghaitech.edu.cn/main.htm [2021-1-1]
[112]	Decking W, Abeghyan S, Abramian P, et al. 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 391 Google Scholar
[113]	Heeg K P, Wille H C, Schlage K, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 073601 Google Scholar
[114]	Toellner T S, Alp E E, Sturhahn W, et al. 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 1993 Google Scholar
[115]	Marx B, Ushmann I, Hofer S, et al. 2011 Opt. Commun. 284 915 Google Scholar
[116]	Bernhardt H, Marx-Glowna B, Schulze K S, et al. 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 121106 Google Scholar
[117]	Schulze K S 2018 APL Photonics 3 126106 Google Scholar
[118]	Bernhardt H, Schmitt A T, Grabiger B, et al. 2020 Phys. Rev. Research 2 023365 Google Scholar
[119]	Fruehling U, Wieland M, Gensch M, et al. 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 523 Google Scholar
[120]	Hentschel M, Kienberger R, Spielmann C, et al. 2001 Nature 414 509 Google Scholar
[121]	Drescher M, Hentschel M, Kieberger R, et al. 2001 Science 291 1923 Google Scholar
[122]	Grguras I, Maier A R, Behrens C, et al. 2012 Nat. Photonics 6 852 Google Scholar
[123]	Hartmann N, Helml W, Galler A, et al. 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 706 Google Scholar
[124]	Helml W, Maier A R, Schweinberger W, et al. 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 950 Google Scholar
[125]	Kazansky A K, Bozhevolnov A V, Sazhina I P, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 013407 Google Scholar
[126]	Hartmann N, Hartmann G, Heider R, et al. 2018 Nat. Photonics 12 215 Google Scholar
[127]	David C, Gorelick S, Rutishauser S, et al. 2011 Sci. Rep. 1 57 Google Scholar
[128]	Yumoto H, Mimura H, Koyama T, et al. 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 43 Google Scholar
[129]	Mimura H, Yumoto H, Matsuyama S, et al. 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3539 Google Scholar
[130]	Schropp A, Hoppe R, Meier V, et al. 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1633 Google Scholar
[131]	Liu Y, Seaberg M, Zhu D, et al. 2018 Optica 5 967 Google Scholar
[132]	Liu Y, Seaberg M, Feng Y, et al. 2020 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 27 254 Google Scholar
[133]	Pikuz T, Faenov A, Matsuoka T, et al. 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 17713 Google Scholar
[134]	Yabashi M, Hastings J B, Zolotorev M S, et al. 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 084802 Google Scholar
[135]	Zhu D, Cammarata M, Feldkamp J M, et al. 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 034103 Google Scholar
[136]	Karvinen P, Rutishauser S, Mozzanica A, et al. 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 5073 Google Scholar
[137]	Makita M, Karvinen P, Zhu D, et al. 2015 Optica 2 912 Google Scholar
[138]	Inoue I, Osaka T, Hara T, et al. 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 319 Google Scholar
[139]	Matsumura S, Osaka T, Inoue I, et al. 2020 Opt. Express 28 25706 Google Scholar
[140]	Rohringer N, Ryan D, London R A, et al. 2012 Nature 481 488 Google Scholar
[141]	Young L, Kanter E P, Kraessig B, et al. 2010 Nature 466 56 Google Scholar
[142]	Weninger C, Purvis M, Ryan D, et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 233902 Google Scholar
[143]	Stöhr J, Scherz A 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 107402 Google Scholar

[1]	Zhang Dong-He-Yu, Liu Jin-Bao, Fu Yang-Yang. Multiphysics modeling and simulations of laser-sustained plasmas. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(2): 025201. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231056
[2]	Yin Pei-Qi, Xu Bo-Ping, Liu Ying-Hua, Wang Yi-Shan, Zhao Wei, Tang Jie. Simulation of evaporation ablation dynamics of materials by nanosecond pulse laser of Gaussian beam and flat-top beam. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(9): 095202. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231625
[3]	Ji Liang-Liang, Geng Xue-Song, Wu Yi-Tong, Shen Bai-Fei, Li Ru-Xin. Laser-driven radiation-reaction effect and polarized particle acceleration. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(8): 085203. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210091
[4]	Zhou Ying, Xie Shuang-Yuan, Xu Jing-Ping. Bipartite and tripartite entanglement caused by squeezed drive in magnetic-cavity quantum electrodynamics system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(22): 220301. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200838
[5]	Zhu-Yue, Zhang Zi-Liang, Yang Yan-Ji, Xue Rong-Feng, Cui Wei-Wei, Lu Bo, Wang Juan, Chen Tian-Xiang, Wang Yu-Sa, Li Wei, Han Da-Wei, Huo Jia, Hu Wei, Li Mao-Shun, Zhang Yi, Zhu Yu-Xuan, Liu Miao, Zhao Xiao-Fan, Chen Yong. Quantum efficiency calibration for low energy detector in hard X-ray modulation telescope satellite. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(11): 112901. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.112901
[6]	Zhang Tian-Kui, Yu Ming-Hai, Dong Ke-Gong, Wu Yu-Chi, Yang Jing, Chen Jia, Lu Feng, Li Gang, Zhu Bin, Tan Fang, Wang Shao-Yi, Yan Yong-Hong, Gu Yu-Qiu. Detector characterization and electron effect for laser-driven high energy X-ray imaging. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(24): 245201. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.245201
[7]	Zhang Chun-Yan, Liu Xian-Ming. Dynamic behavior of hydrogen clusters under intense femtosecond laser. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(16): 163601. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.163601
[8]	Zhu Wei-Wei, Zhang Qiu-Ju, Zhang Yan-Hui, Jiao Yang. Motion-induced X-ray and terahertz radiation of electrons captured in laser standing wave. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(12): 124104. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.124104
[9]	Li Wen-Fang, Du Jin-Jin, Wen Rui-Juan, Yang Peng-Fei, Li Gang, Zhang Tian-Cai. Single-atom transfer in a strongly coupled cavity quantum electrodynamics: experiment and Monte Carlo simulation. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(24): 244205. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.244205
[10]	Jia Qian-Qian, Wang Wei-Min, Dong Quan-Li, Sheng Zheng-Ming. Numerical study on coherent keV x ray generation by the interaction of ultra-short intense lasers with thin solid foils. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(1): 015203. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.015203
[11]	Chen Xiang, Mi Xian-Wu. Studys of characteristics for pump-induced emission and anharmonic cavity-QED in quantum dot-cavity systems. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(4): 044202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.044202
[12]	Zhang Lin, Zhang Chun-Min, Jian Xiao-Hua. Passive detection of upper atmospheric wind field based on the Lorentzian line shape profile. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(2): 899-906. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.899
[13]	Dong Xiao-Gang, Sheng Zheng-Ming, Chen Min, Zhang Jie. Numerical simulation of acceleration and radiation of surface electrons in the interaction of intense laser pulses with a solid target. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(12): 7423-7429. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.7423
[14]	Wang Zhi, Chen Jia-Er, Yan Xue-Qing, Lu Yuan-Rong, Fang Jia-Xun, Guo Zhi-Yu. Relation between dynamic parameters and limiting current in separated function radio frequency quadrupole accelerator. Acta Physica Sinica, 2006, 55(12): 6298-6301. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.6298
[15]	Liu Liao, Pei Shou-Yong. Quantum Schwarzschild black hole and dark matter. Acta Physica Sinica, 2006, 55(9): 4980-4982. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.4980
[16]	Yu Xiao-Guang, Wang Bing-Bing, Cheng Tai-Wang, Li Xiao-Feng, Fu Pan-Ming. Quantum electrodynamics theory of high-order above-threshold ionization. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(8): 3542-3547. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.3542
[17]	ZHANG JIE, WANG WEI. EFFECTS OF THE RADIATION FIELD ON THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS. Acta Physica Sinica, 2001, 50(8): 1517-1520. doi: 10.7498/aps.50.1517
[18]	YUAN XIAO-LI, SHI YI, YANG HONG-GUAN, BU HUI-MING, WU JUN, ZHAO BO, ZHANG RONG, ZHENG YOU-DOU. CHARGING DYNAMICS OF Si-QUANTUM DOTS IN TUNNEL CAPACITOR. Acta Physica Sinica, 2000, 49(10): 2037-2040. doi: 10.7498/aps.49.2037
[19]	LIU LIAO. THE FOAM-LIKE STRUCTURE OF SPACE-TIME AND THE CANCELLATION OF THE DIVERGENCE OF QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS. Acta Physica Sinica, 1998, 47(3): 363-367. doi: 10.7498/aps.47.363
[20]	SUN KE-XU, YI RONG-QING, YANG JIA-MIN, WANG HONG-BIN, MA HONG-LIANG, CHEN ZHENG-LIN, HUANG TIAN-XUAN, CUI YAN-LI, ZHENG ZHI-JIAN, TANG DAO-YUAN, DING YONG-KUN, WEN SHU-HUAI, JIANG WEN-MIAN, ZHAO YONG-KUAN, CUI MING-QI, LI GANG, CUI CONG-WU, TANG E-SHENG. CALIBRASION OF THE ENERGY RESPONSE FOR THE SOFT X-RAY DETECTIONS ELEMENTS WITH THE BEIJING- SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY. Acta Physica Sinica, 1997, 46(4): 650-655. doi: 10.7498/aps.46.650

Catalog

Vol. 70, Issue 8 - 2021-04-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 7545
PDF Downloads: 373
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板