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Quantum key distribution (QKD) has become an alternative technology defensing the security threat resulting from quantum computing. Owing to its superiority in coexistence with optical infrastructures and cost-effective, continuous variable QKD (CV-QKD) is widely studied and developed towards the practical application stage. The standardized measurement of critical parameters of the system should be studied urgently. In this work we propose a scheme based on balanced homodyne detection with phase-randomized local oscillator to realize the average photon number measurement. By controlling local oscillator phase positively, which obeys $ [0,\mathrm{ }2\mathrm{\pi }] $ uniform distribution, a linear relationship between average photon numbers and the variance of detector output can be obtained in simulation and experiment. With high-accuracy (～0.1) photons/pulse and large range ～23 dB, this average photon number measurement scheme provides a great reference to evaluating the critical parameters of CV-QKD system in the practical process.-
Keywords:
- photon number measurement /
- quantum key distribution /
- standardization
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Huang D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
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Liu W Y 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanxi: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
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Wang C 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[20] 李源 2019 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Li Y 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
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图 1 零差探测器输出信号分布仿真结果
Figure 1. Simulation distribution of BHD output.
图 2 探测器输出信号方差随待测相干态信号的强度变化的仿真结果
Figure 2. Variance of BHD output changes with the intensity of coherent state.
图 3 实验装置图 (BS, 光分束器; VATT, 可调光衰减器; CATT, 固定衰减器; PM, 相位调制器; ADC, 模数转换器)
Figure 3. Experimental setup. BS, beam splitter; VATT, variable attenuator; CATT, constant attenuator; PM, phase modulator; ADC, analog to digital converter.
图 4 平衡探测器输出信号分布
Figure 4. Distribution of balanced homodyne detector output.
图 5 探测器输出信号方差与平均光子数关系(电噪声
${V_{{\text{ele}}}} = $ $ 0.07{N_0}$ , 平衡零差探测效率$\eta = 0.6044$ , ADC采样精度为14 bit)Figure 5. Variance of detector output varies with average photon numbers. Electrical nosie is
${V_{{\text{ele}}}} = 0.07{N_0}$ , the efficiency of BHD is$\eta = 0.6044$ and sampling accuracy is 14 bit. -
[1] Lodewyck J, Debuisschert T, Tualle B R, Grangier P 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 050303
Google Scholar
[2] Lodewyck J, Bloch M, García P R, Fossier S, Karpov E, Diamanti E, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042305
Google Scholar
[3] Namiki R, Hirano T 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 117901
Google Scholar
[4] Heid M, Lütkenhaus N 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 022313
Google Scholar
[5] Eriksson T A, Hirano T, Puttnam B J, Rademacher G, Luís R S, Fujiwara M, Namiki R, Awaji Y, Takeoka M, Wada N 2019 Commun. Phys. 2 1
Google Scholar
[6] Qi B, Zhu W, Qian L, Lo H K 2010 New J. Phys. 12 10
Google Scholar
[7] Kumar R, Qin H, Alléaume R 2015 New J. Phys. 17 043027
Google Scholar
[8] Kleis S, Steinmayer J, Derksen R H, Schaeffer C G 2019 Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA San Diego, California, USA, March 3–7, 2019 pTh1J.3
[9] Karinou F, Brunner H H, Fung C H F, Comandar L C, Bettelli S, Hillerkuss D, Kuschnerov M, Mikroulis S, Wang D, Xie C S Peev M, Poppe A 2018 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 30 7
Google Scholar
[10] Jouguet P, Kunz J S, Diamanti E 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 062313
Google Scholar
[11] Jouguet P, Kunz J S, Leverrier A, Grangier P, Diamanti E 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 378
Google Scholar
[12] Sasaki T, Yamamoto Y, Koashi M 2014 Nature 509 7501475
Google Scholar
[13] Qi B, Hunag L L, Qian L, Lo H K 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 052323
Google Scholar
[14] Huang D, Huang P, Lin D K, Zeng G H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 19201
Google Scholar
[15] Wang X Y, Liu J Q, Li X F, Li Y M 2015 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 51 6
Google Scholar
[16] 黄端 2017 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Huang D 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[17] Hansen H, Aichele T, Hettich C, Lodahl P, Lvovsky A I, Mlynek J, Schiller S 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 21
Google Scholar
[18] 刘文元 2020 博士学位论文 (太原: 山西大学)
Liu W Y 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanxi: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
[19] 汪超 2012 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Wang C 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[20] 李源 2019 博士学位论文 (上海: 上海交通大学)
Li Y 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University) (in Chinese)
[21] Nie Y Q, Huang L, Liu Y, Payne F, Zhang J, Pan J W 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 2435
Google Scholar
[22] 郭弘, 李政宇, 彭翔 2016 量子密码 (北京: 国防工业出版社) 第138页
Guo H, Li Z Y, Peng X 2016 Quantum Cryptography (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) P138 (in Chinese)
[23] Yang J, Liu J L, Su Q, Li Z Y, Fan F, Xu B J, Guo H 2016 Opt. Express 24 27475
Google Scholar
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