Terahertz dynamic multidimensional modulation at Dirac point based on patterned graphene/gallium nitride hybridized with metasurfaces

Yao Hai-Yun; Yan Xin; Liang Lan-Ju; Yang Mao-Sheng; Yang Qi-Li; Lü Kai-Kai; Yao Jian-Quan

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211845

Abstract

The development of terahertz (THz) technology is creating a demand for devices that can modulate THz beams. Here, we propose a novel THz modulator based on patterned graphene/gallium nitride Schottky diodes hybridized with metasurfaces. Ultrasensitive dynamic multidimensional THz modulation is achieved by changing the Schottky barrier of the heterojunction, shifting the Fermi level between the Dirac point, changing the conduction band and the valence of graphene via continuous-wave optical illumination or bias voltages. When the Fermi level is close to the Dirac point, the modulation is ultrasensitive to the external stimuli. Applying an optical power of 4.9–162.4 mW/cm² or a bias voltage of 0.5–7.0 V, the modulation depth initially increases, then decreases, and the phase difference linearly increases, therein the maximum modulation depth is 90%, and the maximum phase difference is 189°. In short, the proposed THz modulator has potential application in ultra-sensitive optical devices.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Opt-Electronic Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
2.
Institute of Micro-nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
3.
College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
4.
Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Technology & System, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

Corresponding author: Yan Xin, yxllj68@126.com ; Liang Lan-Ju, lianglanju123@163.com ; Yang Qi-Li, hanbaomami@163.com ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61701434, 61735010, 61675147), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant Nos. ZR2020FK008, ZR202102180769), the Special Fund for Taishan Scholar Project, China (Grant No. tsqn201909150), and the Innovation and Technology Program for Young Scientists in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. 2019KJN001).

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References

[1]	Manjappa M, Srivastava Y K, Solanki A, Kumar A, Sum T C, Singh R 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1605881 Google Scholar
[2]	Yao H, Yan X, Yang M, Yang Q, Liu Y, Li A, Wang M, Wei D, Tian Z, Liang L 2021 Carbon 184 400 Google Scholar
[3]	Yang M, Li T, Gao J, Yan X, Liang L, Yao H, Li J, Wei D, Wang M, Zhang T, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Ren Y, Ren X, Yao J 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 562 150182 Google Scholar
[4]	Tan T C, Srivastava Y K, Ako R T, Wang W, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S, Al Naib I, Plum E, Singh R 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 2100836 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhang J, Mu N, Liu L, Xie J, Feng H, Yao J, Chen T, Zhu W 2021 Biosens. Bioelectron. 185 113241 Google Scholar
[6]	闫昕, 梁兰菊, 张雅婷, 丁欣, 姚建铨 2015 物理学报 64 158101 Google Scholar Yan X, Liang L J, Zhang Y T, Ding X, Yao J Q 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 158101 Google Scholar
[7]	闫昕, 梁兰菊, 张璋, 杨茂生, 韦德泉, 王猛, 李院平, 吕依颖, 张兴坊, 丁欣, 姚建铨 2018 物理学报 67 118102 Google Scholar Yan X, Liang L J, Zhang Z, Yang M S, Wei D Q, Wang M, Li Y P, Lü Y Y, Zhang X F, Ding X, Yao J Q 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 118102 Google Scholar
[8]	Cheng Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Li S, Kong W 2020 AIP Adv. 10 045026 Google Scholar
[9]	Li C, Li W, Duan S, Wu J, Chen B, Yang S, Su R, Jiang C, Zhang C, Jin B B 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 119 052602 Google Scholar
[10]	Xiao S, Wang T, Liu T, Yan X, Li Z, Xu C 2018 Carbon 126 271 Google Scholar
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[12]	Chen H T, O'Hara J F, Azad A K, Taylor A J, Averitt R D, Shrekenhamer D B, Padilla W J 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 295 Google Scholar
[13]	Ghosh S K, Das S, Bhattacharyya S 2021 Opt. Commun. 480 126480 Google Scholar
[14]	Choi W, Lahiri I, Seelaboyina R, Kang Y S 2010 Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 35 52 Google Scholar
[15]	Feng J, Li W, Qian X, Qi J, Qi L, Li J 2012 Nanoscale 4 4883 Google Scholar
[16]	Yang G, Li L, Lee W B, Ng M C 2018 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19 613 Google Scholar
[17]	Wei T, Bao L, Hauke F, Hirsch A 2020 ChemPlusChem 85 1655 Google Scholar
[18]	Shukla S, Kang S Y, Saxena S 2019 Appl. Phys. Rev. 6 021311 Google Scholar
[19]	Lee S H, Choi M, Kim T T, Seungwoo L, Liu M, Yin X, Choi H, Lee S, Choi C G, Choi S Y, Zhang X, Min B 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 936 Google Scholar
[20]	Li Q, Gupta M, Zhang X, Wang S, Chen T, Singh R, Han J, Zhang W 2020 Adv. Mater. 5 1900840 Google Scholar
[21]	Kim S, Seo T H, Kim M J, Song K M, Suh E K, Kim H 2015 Nano. Res. 8 1327 Google Scholar
[22]	Bartolomeo A D 2016 Phys. Rep. 606 1 Google Scholar
[23]	Xu G, Zhang Y, Duan X, Balandin A A, Wang K L 2013 Proc. IEEE 101 1670 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu N, Langguth L, Weiss T, Kastel J, Fleischhauer M, Pfau T, Giessen H 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 758 Google Scholar
[25]	Chen H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Liu S, Cao M, Zhang Y 2018 Opt. Laser Technol. 104 210 Google Scholar
[26]	Ryzhii V, Ryzhii M, Otsuji T, Leiman V, Mitin V, Shur M S 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 214503 Google Scholar
[27]	Ryzhii V, Otsuji T, Ryzhii M, Leiman V G, Maltsev P P, Karasik V E, Mitin V, Shur M S 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 468 Google Scholar
[28]	Jessop D S, Kindness S J, Xiao L, Braeuninger P W, Lin H, Ren Y, Ren C X, Hofmann S, Zeitler J A, Beere H E, Ritchie D A, Degl’Innocenti R 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 171101 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 PGrGAN@MS的制备和表征　(a)制备过程: (i) PI膜旋涂在石英玻璃基地上; (ii)类 EIT 超表面的制备; (iii) PI膜旋涂在类EIT超表面上; (iv) 石墨烯被转移到 PI 薄膜上; (v) 图案化单层石墨烯; (vi)溅射圆柱状氮化镓. (b)在光泵和太赫兹激发下的样品示意图. (c)在偏置电压和太赫兹激发下的样品示意图. (d) 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm PGrGAN@MS样品. (e)超表面的光学显微镜照片. (f)晶胞尺寸, a = j = 135 µm, d = 13 µm, c = p = 90 µm, k = 103 µm, f = h = 63 µm, e = 39 mm, w = 31 mm. (g)样品的光学显微照片. (h), (i)圆孔石墨烯图案化结构的光学显微照片. (j)使用514 nm激光测量的石英衬底上单层石墨烯的拉曼光谱

Figure 1. Manufacture and characterization of the PGrGAN@MS. (a) Manufacture process: (i) PI film is spin-coated on the quartz glass substrate; (ii) preparation of an EIT-like metasurface sample; (iii) PI film is spin-coated atop metasurface; (iv) graphene was transferred onto the PI film; (v) graphene was patterned into a fishing net structure with round holes; (vi) sputtering cylindrical GaN. (b), (c) Schematic of graphene samples under the optical pump or bias voltages and THz probe illumination. (d) 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm PGrGAN@MS sample. (e) Optical microscope images of lattice. (f) Unit cell. The corresponding parameters were: a = j = 135 µm, d = 13 µm, c = p = 90 µm, k = 103 µm, f = h = 63 µm, e = 39 mm, w = 31 mm. (g) Optical microscope images of the sample. (h), (i) Optical micrograph of the patterned structure of round-hole graphene. (j) Raman spectrum of monolayer graphene on quartz substrate measured by 514 nm laser.

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图 2 实验光电设备　(a) THz-TDs系统; (b) 室温下的电源和激光控制器

Figure 2. Experimental photoelectric equipment: (a) THz-TDs system; (b) power supply and laser controller at room temperature.

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图 3 (a), (b) 在NSZ和WPX的共振频率处电场强度分布; (c)在0.63 THz谐振频率下EIT模式的电场强度分布; (d)实验、模拟和理论拟合的透射光谱

Figure 3. (a), (b) Electric field intensity distribution at the resonance frequency of NSZ and WPX; (c) electric field intensity distribution of the EIT mode at the resonance frequency of 0.63 THz; (d) experimental, simulated and theory fitted transmission spectra.

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图 4 (a) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同光通量激发下的太赫兹透射谱线; (b) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同光通量激发下的调制深度; (c) PGrGAN@MS样品在光通量激发与没有任何激发条件下的相位差(内插图为激发方式); (d) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同光通量激发下的相位差的斜率

Figure 4. (a) Measured transmission amplitude spectra of the PGrGAN@MS sample under different optical flux (F_op) excitations; (b) modulation depth of the PGrGAN@MS sample under different F_op excitations from panel (a); (c) phase difference between the PGrGAN@MS sample with and without F_op excitations, inset: excitation approach; (d) fitted phase difference slopes on F_op excitations extracted from panel (c).

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图 5 (a) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同偏置电压激发下的太赫兹透射谱线; (b) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同偏置电压激发下的调制深度; (c) PGrGAN@MS样品在偏置电压激发与没有任何激发条件下的相位差(内插图为激发方式); (d) PGrGAN@MS样品在不同偏置电压激发下的相位差的斜率

Figure 5. (a) Measured transmission amplitude spectra of the PGrGAN@MS sample under different V_b excitations; (b) modulation depth of the PGrGAN@MS sample under different V_b excitations from panel (a); (c) phase difference between the PGrGAN@MS sample with and without V_b excitations, inset: excitation approach; (d) fitted phase difference slopes on V_b excitations extracted from panel (c).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 PGrGAN@MS样品在(a)没有任何激发、(b)光激发以及(c)电激发三种不同情况下的异质结能带结构示意图

Figure 6. Schematic band structures of the PGrGAN@MS sample (a) without any excitation in darkness, (b) light excitation and (c) electrical excitation.

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表 1 太赫兹调制器件类型、有源材料以及振幅调制深度(2D, 二维材料; MMs, 超材料)

Table 1. THz modulation device types, active materials and modulation depth (2D, two-dimensional materials; MMS, metamaterials)

类型有源材料 M_d/% 文献

2D MMs Graphene+metal 26% [20]
2D MMs Graphene 25% [28]
2D MMs Graphene+GaN+metal 90% 本文

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Manjappa M, Srivastava Y K, Solanki A, Kumar A, Sum T C, Singh R 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1605881 Google Scholar
[2]	Yao H, Yan X, Yang M, Yang Q, Liu Y, Li A, Wang M, Wei D, Tian Z, Liang L 2021 Carbon 184 400 Google Scholar
[3]	Yang M, Li T, Gao J, Yan X, Liang L, Yao H, Li J, Wei D, Wang M, Zhang T, Ye Y, Song X, Zhang H, Ren Y, Ren X, Yao J 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 562 150182 Google Scholar
[4]	Tan T C, Srivastava Y K, Ako R T, Wang W, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S, Al Naib I, Plum E, Singh R 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 2100836 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhang J, Mu N, Liu L, Xie J, Feng H, Yao J, Chen T, Zhu W 2021 Biosens. Bioelectron. 185 113241 Google Scholar
[6]	闫昕, 梁兰菊, 张雅婷, 丁欣, 姚建铨 2015 物理学报 64 158101 Google Scholar Yan X, Liang L J, Zhang Y T, Ding X, Yao J Q 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 158101 Google Scholar
[7]	闫昕, 梁兰菊, 张璋, 杨茂生, 韦德泉, 王猛, 李院平, 吕依颖, 张兴坊, 丁欣, 姚建铨 2018 物理学报 67 118102 Google Scholar Yan X, Liang L J, Zhang Z, Yang M S, Wei D Q, Wang M, Li Y P, Lü Y Y, Zhang X F, Ding X, Yao J Q 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 118102 Google Scholar
[8]	Cheng Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Li S, Kong W 2020 AIP Adv. 10 045026 Google Scholar
[9]	Li C, Li W, Duan S, Wu J, Chen B, Yang S, Su R, Jiang C, Zhang C, Jin B B 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 119 052602 Google Scholar
[10]	Xiao S, Wang T, Liu T, Yan X, Li Z, Xu C 2018 Carbon 126 271 Google Scholar
[11]	Driscoll T, Kim H T, Chae B G, Leen Y W, Jokersts N M, Palit S, Smith D R, Ventra M D, Basov D N 2009 Science 325 1518 Google Scholar
[12]	Chen H T, O'Hara J F, Azad A K, Taylor A J, Averitt R D, Shrekenhamer D B, Padilla W J 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 295 Google Scholar
[13]	Ghosh S K, Das S, Bhattacharyya S 2021 Opt. Commun. 480 126480 Google Scholar
[14]	Choi W, Lahiri I, Seelaboyina R, Kang Y S 2010 Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 35 52 Google Scholar
[15]	Feng J, Li W, Qian X, Qi J, Qi L, Li J 2012 Nanoscale 4 4883 Google Scholar
[16]	Yang G, Li L, Lee W B, Ng M C 2018 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 19 613 Google Scholar
[17]	Wei T, Bao L, Hauke F, Hirsch A 2020 ChemPlusChem 85 1655 Google Scholar
[18]	Shukla S, Kang S Y, Saxena S 2019 Appl. Phys. Rev. 6 021311 Google Scholar
[19]	Lee S H, Choi M, Kim T T, Seungwoo L, Liu M, Yin X, Choi H, Lee S, Choi C G, Choi S Y, Zhang X, Min B 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 936 Google Scholar
[20]	Li Q, Gupta M, Zhang X, Wang S, Chen T, Singh R, Han J, Zhang W 2020 Adv. Mater. 5 1900840 Google Scholar
[21]	Kim S, Seo T H, Kim M J, Song K M, Suh E K, Kim H 2015 Nano. Res. 8 1327 Google Scholar
[22]	Bartolomeo A D 2016 Phys. Rep. 606 1 Google Scholar
[23]	Xu G, Zhang Y, Duan X, Balandin A A, Wang K L 2013 Proc. IEEE 101 1670 Google Scholar
[24]	Liu N, Langguth L, Weiss T, Kastel J, Fleischhauer M, Pfau T, Giessen H 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 758 Google Scholar
[25]	Chen H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Liu S, Cao M, Zhang Y 2018 Opt. Laser Technol. 104 210 Google Scholar
[26]	Ryzhii V, Ryzhii M, Otsuji T, Leiman V, Mitin V, Shur M S 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 214503 Google Scholar
[27]	Ryzhii V, Otsuji T, Ryzhii M, Leiman V G, Maltsev P P, Karasik V E, Mitin V, Shur M S 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 468 Google Scholar
[28]	Jessop D S, Kindness S J, Xiao L, Braeuninger P W, Lin H, Ren Y, Ren C X, Hofmann S, Zeitler J A, Beere H E, Ritchie D A, Degl’Innocenti R 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 171101 Google Scholar

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