Current research status of rare earth oxygenated hydride photochromic films

Li Ming; Jin Ping-Shi; Cao Xun

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20221046

Abstract

Photochromic material, as an adaptive smart material, has a wide range of applications in smart windows, photoelectric sensors, optical storage, etc. Oxygen-containing rare-earth metal hydride (REH_xO_y) film, a new type of photochromic material, has attracted the attention of researchers for its efficient and reversible color-changing properties, simple and reproducible preparation methods, and fast darkening-bleaching time. In this paper we review the current research status of structural composition, color change mechanism, and property modulation of oxygen-containing rare-earth metal hydride films. Exposure to visible light and ultraviolet (UV) light can lead the optical transmission of visible and infrared (IR) light to degrade. The photochromic mechanisms can be grouped into four mechanisms: lattice contraction mechanism, oxygen exchange mechanism, local metal phase change, and hydrogen migration mechanism. Currently, performance can be tuned by controlling film morphology, designing chemical components, improving substrate adaptation, multilayer film structure design, etc. Finally, the future research focus of thin film is prospected.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
2.
Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Cao Xun, cxun@mail.sic.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by ANSO International Cooperation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. ANSO-CR-KP-2021-01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51972328, 62175248).

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References

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[43]	Moldarev D, Stolz L, Moro M V, Aðalsteinsson S M, Chioar I A, Karazhanov S Z, Primetzhofer D, Wolff M 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 153101 Google Scholar
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[46]	Nafezarefi F, Cornelius S, Dam B 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 200 109923 Google Scholar
[47]	Moldarev D, Wolff M, Baba E M, Moro M V, You C C, Primetzhofer D, Karazhanov S Z 2020 Materialia 11 100706 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 REH_xO_y薄膜的光致变色机理、制备方法及应用展望

Figure 1. Photochromic mechanism, preparation method and application prospect of REH_xO_y film.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 REH_xO_y薄膜(YH_xO_y和GdH_xO_y)的结构模型　(a)晶格能计算GdH_xO_y立方相结构模型; (b) DFT理论预测YH_xO_y 17种结构相图^[19,20]

Figure 2. Structural models of REH_xO_y (YH_xO_y and GdH_xO_y) films: (a) Lattice energy calculation GdH_xO_y cubic phase structure model; (b) DFT predicts 17 structural phase diagrams of YH_xO_y^[19,20].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 氧浓度对薄膜带隙的影响　(a)梯度氧含量制备样品; (b)横向尺度上O/Y化学计量比; (c)横向尺度上带隙变化^[24]

Figure 3. Effect of oxygen concentration on the band gap of thin films: (a) Samples prepared with gradient oxygen content; (b) the O/Y stoichiometric ratio in the horizontal direction; (c) the band gap variation in the horizontal direction^[24].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 YH_xO_y薄膜光学性能和电学性能　(a)光照前后样品透过率、反射率和光学密度的变化^[13]; (b) Tauc-plot法计算样品直接带隙与间接带隙^[29]; (c)光照前后样品的电阻变化^[28]

Figure 4. Optical and electrical properties of YH_xO_y films: (a) The changes in transmission, reflection, and optical density of YH_xO_y films before and after light exposure^[13]; (b) the direct and indirect bandgap of YH_xO_y films^[29]; (c) the changes in resistivity of YH_xO_y films under light induction^[28].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a), (b)不同波长和强度光照下薄膜的光致变色响应^[30]; (c), (d)不同温度下薄膜的光致变色响应^[33]

Figure 5. (a), (b) Photochromic response of thin films under different wavelengths and intensities of light^[30]; (c), (d) photochromic response of samples at different temperatures^[33].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)同步X射线原位表征光照下样品晶格变化^[37]; (b)光照之后拉曼光谱中出现金属相峰位^[40]; (c)不同气氛下样品光照后的褪色速度^[41]; (d)光致变色前后薄膜成分变化^[32]

Figure 6. (a) Simultaneous X-ray in situ characterization of sample lattice changes under illumination^[37]; (b) appearance of metal phase peaks in Raman spectra after illumination^[40]; (c) recovery rate of samples under different atmospheres after illumination^[41]; (d) the change in film composition before and after photochromic^[32].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 双相结构下光子诱导氢转移^[44]

Figure 7. Photon-induced hydrogen transfer in a two-phase structure^[44].

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图 8 光照后“双聚氢”结构的形成^[18]

Figure 8. Formation of the dihydrogen structure after illumination^[18]

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图 9 (a)不同衬底样品的光致变色响应^[52]; (b) 不同厚度样品的光致变色响应^[47]; (c)不同稀土元素样品的光致变色响应^[14]; 不同溅射压力样品(d) YH_xO_y薄膜和(e) GdH_xO_y薄膜的光致变色响应^[15], 以及(f)光致变色性能与化学组分之间的关系^[15]

Figure 9. (a) Photochromic response of samples with different substrates^[52]; (b) photochromic response of samples with different thicknesses^[47]; (c) photochromic response of different rare earth element samples^[14]. The photochromic response of different sputtering pressure samples: (d) YH_xO_y film; (e) GdH_xO_y film^[15]; (f) relationship between photochromic properties and chemical components^[15].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 光学设计的高透过率和高发射率模型^[55]

Figure 10. High transmittance and high emissivity models for optical design^[55].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 YH_xO_y与VO₂复合薄膜的四态调控^[31]

Figure 11. Four-state modulation of spectral changes in YH_xO_y and VO₂ composite films^[31].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 部分有机无机光致变色材料总结^[1]

Table 1. Summary of some organic and inorganic photochromic materials^[1].

Type of the material		Name of material	Photochromism principle	Method of bleaching	Color change
Organic		Diarylethenes	Photocyclization reaction	Expose to visible light	Colorless → red
		Fulgide	Photochemical conrotatory	Expose to visible light	Pale yellow → red
		Spriopyran	Hetetolytic cleavage/photocyclization	Expose to visible light/heating	Colorless → purple
		Naphthopyarn	Hetetolytic cleavage/photocyclization	Removing UV	Colorless → gray
Inorganic	TMOs	WO₃	Photon prompted redox reaction	Removing UV	Colorless → blue
		TiO₂	Photon prompted redox reaction	Removing UV and exposing to air	Faint yellow → black
		MoO₃	Intercalation-deintercalation of univalent cations	Removing UV	White → blue
	Metal halides	Lead chloride [Pb₃Cl₆(CV)]H₂O]_n	Light-triggered electron transfer	Removing UV/ anneal in air	Pale yellow → blue
	Metal halides	AgCl	Light-triggered reversible decomposition	Removing UV	Transparent → brown

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 已有报道稀土元素的性质

Table 2. Properties of reported rare earth element.

Element	Atomic mass	Ion size/nm	Sputtering pressure/Pa	Band gap/eV	ΔT/%	文献
Y	89	0.090	0.4	2.6	37	[14]
Gd	157.25	0.094	0.6	2.25	45	[14]
Dy	162.5	0.091	0.6	2.25	33	[14]
Er	167.26	0.088	0.6	2.4	35	[14]

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Ke Y, Chen J, Lin G, Wang S, Zhou Y, Yin J, Pooi S L, Long Y 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1902066 Google Scholar
[2]	Ma Y, Yu Y, She P, Lu J, Liu S, Huang W, Zhao Q 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 2386 Google Scholar
[3]	Barachevsky V A, Strokach Y P, Krayushkin M M 2007 J. Phys. Org. Chem. 20 1007 Google Scholar
[4]	Qin M, Huang Y, Li F, Song Y 2015 J. Mater. Chem. C 3 9265 Google Scholar
[5]	Gavrilyuk A I 2013 Appl. Surf. Sci. 273 735 Google Scholar
[6]	Eglitis R, Zukuls A, Viter R 2020 Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 19 1072 Google Scholar
[7]	Zhu Y, Yao Y, Chen, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Cheng Z, Gao Y 2022 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 239 111664 Google Scholar
[8]	Tang W 2022 Chem. Eng. J. 435 134670 Google Scholar
[9]	Huiberts J N, Griessen R, Rector J H, Wijngaarden R J, Dekker J P 1996 Nature 380 231 Google Scholar
[10]	Hoekstra A F T, Roy A S, Rosenbaum T F, Griessen R 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 5349 Google Scholar
[11]	Ngene P, Longo A, Moojj L 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1846 Google Scholar
[12]	Ohumura A, Machida A, Watanuki T 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 151904 Google Scholar
[13]	Mongstad T, Platzer-Bjorkman C, Maehlen J, Lennard P A M, Yevheniy P, Dam B, Marstein E, Karazhanov S Z 2011 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 3596 Google Scholar
[14]	Nafezarefi F, Schreuders H, Dam B 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 103903 Google Scholar
[15]	Colombi G, Dekrom T, Chaykina D 2021 ACS Photonics 8 709 Google Scholar
[16]	Baba E M, Montero J, Moldarev D, Moro M V, Wolff M, Primetzhofer D, Sartori S, Zayim E, Karazhanov S Z 2020 Molecules 25 3181 Google Scholar
[17]	Moldarev D, Moro M V, You C C, Elbruz M B, Karazhanov S Z 2018 Phys. Rev. Mater. 2 115203 Google Scholar
[18]	Chai J, Shao Z, Wang H, Ming C, Oh W, Ye T, Zhang Y, Cao X, Ping Jin, Sun Y 2020 Sci. China Mater. 63 1579 Google Scholar
[19]	Colombi G, Cornelius S, Longo A 2020 J. Phys. Chem. C 124 13541 Google Scholar
[20]	Pishtshev A, Strougovshchikov E, Karazhanov S 2019 Cryst. Growth Des. 19 2574 Google Scholar
[21]	Chaykin D, Nafezarefi F, Colombi G, Cornelius S, Lars J 2022 J. Phys. Chem. C 126 2276 Google Scholar
[22]	Montero J, Martinsen F A, Lelis M, Karazhanov S Z, Hauback B C, Marstein E S 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 177 106
[23]	Pishtshev A, Karazhanov S Z 2014 Solid State Commun. 194 39 Google Scholar
[24]	You C C, Moldarev D, Mongstada T, Primetzhofer D, Wolffb M, Marsteina E S, Karazhanov S Z 2017 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 166 185 Google Scholar
[25]	You C C, Mongstad T, Marstein E S, Karazhanov S Z 2019 Materialia 6 100307 Google Scholar
[26]	Kantre K, Moro M V, Moldarev D 2020 Scr. Mater. 186 352 Google Scholar
[27]	Mongstad T, Subrahmanyam A, Karazhanov S 2014 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 128 270 Google Scholar
[28]	Komatsu Y, Sato R, Wilde M, Nishio K, Katase T, Matsumura D, Saitoh H, Miyauchi M, Adelman J R, McFadden R M L, MacFarlane W A, Sugiyama J, Komatsu T H Y 2022 Chem. Mater. 34 3616 Google Scholar
[29]	Montero J, Galeckas A, Karazhanov S Z 2018 Phys. Status Solidi B 255 1800139 Google Scholar
[30]	You C C, Karazhanov S Z 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 128 013106 Google Scholar
[31]	Shao Z, Cao X, Zhang Q, Long S, Chang T, Xu F, Jin P. 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 200 110044 Google Scholar
[32]	Moro M V 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 201 110119 Google Scholar
[33]	Baba E M, Weiser P M, Karazhanov S 2021 Phys. Status Solidi RRL Rapid Res. Lett. 15 2000459 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang Q, Xie L, Zhu Y, Tao Y, Li R, Xua J, Bao S, Jin P 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 20 109930
[35]	Dam B, Remhof A, Heijna M C R, Rector J H, Borsa D, Kerssemakers J W J 2003 J. Alloys Compd. 356–357 526 Google Scholar
[36]	田民波, 李正操 2011 薄膜技术与薄膜材料 (北京: 清华大学出版社) 第251页 Tian M B, Li Z C 2011 Thin Film Technology and Thin-Film Materials (Beijing: Tsinghua University Press) p251 (in Chinese)
[37]	Maehlen J P, Mongstad T T, You C C, Karazhanov S 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 580 119 Google Scholar
[38]	Plokkera M P, Eijta S W H, Nazirisa F, Schutb H, Nafezarefic F, Schreudersc H, Corneliusc S, Dam B 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 177 97 Google Scholar
[39]	Eijta S W H, Kroma T W H, Chaykinab D, Schuta H, Colombib G, Eggerc W, Dickmannc M, Hugenschmidtd C, Dam B 2020 Acta Phys. Pol. A 137 205 Google Scholar
[40]	Montero J, Martinsen F A, García-Tecedor M, Karazhanov S Z, Maestre D, Hauback B, Marstein E S 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95 201301 Google Scholar
[41]	Baba E M, Montero J, Strugovshchikov E, Zayim E, Karazhanov S 2020 Phys. Rev. Mater. 4 025201 Google Scholar
[42]	Moldarev D, Stolz L, Marcos V 2021 Phys. Status Solidi RRL Rapid Res. Lett. 15 2000608 Google Scholar
[43]	Moldarev D, Stolz L, Moro M V, Aðalsteinsson S M, Chioar I A, Karazhanov S Z, Primetzhofer D, Wolff M 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 153101 Google Scholar
[44]	Hans M, Tran T T, Aðalsteinsson S M, Moldarev D, Moro M V, Wolff M, Primetzhofer D 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater. 8 2000822 Google Scholar
[45]	Chandran C V, Schreuders H, Dam B, Janssen J W G, Bart J, Kentgens A P M 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 22935 Google Scholar
[46]	Nafezarefi F, Cornelius S, Dam B 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 200 109923 Google Scholar
[47]	Moldarev D, Wolff M, Baba E M, Moro M V, You C C, Primetzhofer D, Karazhanov S Z 2020 Materialia 11 100706 Google Scholar
[48]	Mayer M, Eckstein W, Langhuth H, Schiettekatte F, Toussaint U 2011 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 269 3006 Google Scholar
[49]	陈赟斐, 魏峰, 王赫, 赵未昀, 邓元 2021 物理学报 70 207303 Google Scholar Chen Y F, Wei F, Wang H, Zhao W H, Deng Y 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 207303 Google Scholar
[50]	Chen J K, Mao W, Ge B, Wang J, Ke X Y, Wang V, Wang Y P, Döbeli M, Geng W T, Matsuzaki H, Shi J, Jiang Y 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 694 Google Scholar
[51]	白刚, 韩宇航, 高存法 2022 物理学报 71 097701 Google Scholar Bai G, Han Y H, Gao C F 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 097701 Google Scholar
[52]	You C C, Mongstad T, Maehlen J P 2015 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 143 623 Google Scholar
[53]	You C C, Mongstad T, Maehlen J P, Karazhanov S 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 031910 Google Scholar
[54]	Moldarev D, Primetzhofer D, You C C, Karazhanov S Z, Montero J, Martinsen F, Mongstad T, Marstein E S, Wolff M 2018 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 177 66 Google Scholar
[55]	Strugovshchikov E, Pishtshev A, Karazhanov S 2021 Phys. Status Solidi B 258 2100179 Google Scholar
[56]	拉毛, 包山虎, 莎仁 2018 化学学报 77 90 Google Scholar La M, Bao S H, Sha R 2018 Acta Chim. Sin. 77 90 Google Scholar

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Vol. 71, Issue 21 - 2022-11-05

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