Heterogeneity: the soul of metallic glasses

Guan Peng-Fei; Wang Bing; Wu Yi-Cheng; Zhang Shan; Shang Bao-Shuang; Hu Yuan-Chao; Su Rui; Liu Qi

doi:10.7498/aps.66.176112

Abstract

Owing to the superior mechanical and physical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) have attracted tremendous attention as promising candidates for structural and functional applications. Unfortunately, the ability to form uncontrollable glasses, the poor stability and the unpredicted catastrophic failure stemming from the disordered structure, as the Achilles' heel of MGs, severely restrict their large-scale applications. A number of phenomenological models, such as free volume model, shear transformation zone (STZ) model, flow unit model, etc., have been proposed, intending to relate microstructures to properties of MGs. However, few sophisticated structure-property relationships are established due to a poor understanding of the microstructure of MGs. Recently, heterogeneity is commonly believed to be intrinsic to MGs, and it can be used to establish the structure-property relationship of MGs. In this paper, we review the recent progress of MGs from the angle of heterogeneity, including the static heterogeneities and dynamic heterogeneities. The perspectives of the scientific problems and the challenges of metallic glass researches are also discussed briefly.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China;
2.
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding author: Guan Peng-Fei, pguan@csrc.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51571011, U5130401) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB856800).

References

[1]	Lao Tze The Spring and Autumn Period Tao Te Ching (in Chinese) [老子春秋时期《道德经》]
[2]	Peker A, Johnson W L 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2342
[3]	Wang W H 2013 Prog. Phys. 33 177 (in Chinese) [汪卫华 2013 物理学进展 33 177]
[4]	Schuh C A, Hufnagel T C, Ramamurty U 2007 Acta Mater. 55 4067
[5]	Inoue A 2000 Acta Mater. 48 279
[6]	Liu Y H, Wang G, Wang R J, Pan M X, Wang W H 2007 Science 315 1385
[7]	Yu H B, Shen X, Wang Z, Gu L, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 015504
[8]	Ichitsubo T, Matsubara E, Yamamoto T, Chen H S, Nishiyama N, Saida J, Anazawa K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 245501
[9]	Wang W H 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 275
[10]	Liu Y H, Wang D, Nakajima K, Zhang W, Hirata A, Nishi T, Inoue A, Chen M W 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 125504
[11]	Wagner H, Bedorf D, Kchemann S, Schwabe M, Zhang B, Arnold W, Samwer K 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 439
[12]	Peng H L, Li M Z, Wang W H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 135503
[13]	Debenedetti P G, Stillinger F H 2001 Nature 410 259
[14]	Busch R, Schroers J, Wang W H 2007 MRS Bull. 32 620
[15]	Ediger M D 2000 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51 99
[16]	Berthier L, Biroli G, Bouchaud J P, Cipelletti L, van Saarloos W 2011 Dynamical Heterogeneity in Glasses, Colloids and Granular (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p150
[17]	Horbach J, Kob W 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 041503
[18]	Berthier L 2011 Physics 4 42
[19]	Berthier L, Biroli G 2011 Rev. Modern Phys. 83 588
[20]	Chen M W 2008 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 38 445
[21]	Hirata A, Guan P F, Fujita T, Hirotsu Y, Inoue A, Yavari A R, Sakurai T, Chen M W 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 28
[22]	Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 379
[23]	Bernal J D 1960 Nature 185 68
[24]	Bernal J D 1959 Nature 183 141
[25]	Miracle D B 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 697
[26]	Sheng H W, Luo W K, Alamgir F M, Bai J M, Ma E 2006 Nature 439 419
[27]	Hirata A, Kang K J, Fujita T, Klumov B, Matsue K, Kotani M, Yavari A R, Chen M W 2013 Science 341 376
[28]	Gaskell P H 1978 Nature 276 484
[29]	Miracle D B, Sanders W S, Senkov O N 2003 Philos. Mag. 83 2409
[30]	Finney J L 1977 Nature 266 309
[31]	Cheng Y Q, Ma E, Sheng H W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 245501
[32]	Peng H L 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [彭海龙 2012 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院物理研究所)]
[33]	Cao A J, Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2009 Acta Mater. 57 5146
[34]	Li M, Wang C Z, Hao S G, Kramer M J, Ho K M 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 184201
[35]	Hu Y C, Li F X, Li M Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8310
[36]	Fujita T, Konno K, Zhang W, Kumar V, Matsuura M, Inoue A, Sakurai T, Chen M W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 075502
[37]	Guan P F, Fujita T, Hirata A, Liu Y H, Chen M W 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 175501
[38]	Guan P F 2014 MRS Fall Meeting Boson, USA
[39]	Hu Y C, Wang Y Z, Su R, Cao C R, Li F, Sun C W, Yang Y, Guan P F, Ding D W, Wang L Z, Wang W H 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 10293
[40]	Gleiter H 2008 Acta Mater. 56 5875
[41]	Gleiter H 1989 Prog. Mater. Sci. 33 223
[42]	Chen N, Frank R, Asao N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Sharma P, Wang J Q, Xie G Q, Ishikawa Y, Hatakeyama N, Lin Y C, Esashi M, Yamamoto Y, Inoue A 2011 Acta Mater. 59 6433
[43]	Fang J X, Vainio U, Puff W, Wrschum R, Wang X L, Wang D, Ghafari M, Jiang F, Sun J, Hahn H, Gleiter H 2012 Nano Lett. 12 458
[44]	Chen N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Xie G Q, Sharma P, Perepezko J H, Esashi M, Yavari A R, Inoue A 2013 Nanotechnology 24 045610
[45]	Sniadecki Z, Wang D, Ivanisenko Y, Chakravadhanula V S K, Kbel C, Hahn H, Gleiter H 2016 Mater. Chacter 113 26
[46]	Chen N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Yao K F 2017 J. Alloys Comp. 707 371
[47]	Pan J, Liu L, Chan K C 2009 Scr. Mater. 60 822
[48]	Park E S, Kim D H 2006 Acta Mater. 54 2597
[49]	Fan C, Li C, Inoue A, Haas V 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 R3761
[50]	Chen M W, Inoue A, Zhang W, Sakurai T 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 245502
[51]	Schroers J, Johnson W L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 255506
[52]	Cheng J L, Chen G, Liu C T, Li Y 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2097
[53]	Hui X, Dong W, Chen G, Yao K 2007 Acta Mater. 55 907
[54]	Qiao J W, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liaw P K, Chen G L 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 151905
[55]	Zhu Z, Zhang H, Hu Z, Zhang W, Inoue A 2010 Scr. Mater. 62 278
[56]	Xu Y K, Ma H, Xu J, Ma E 2005 Acta Mater. 53 1857
[57]	Conner R D, Dandliker R B, Johnson W L 1998 Acta Mater. 46 6089
[58]	Wang H, Li R, Wu Y, Chu X, Liu X, Nieh T, Lu Z 2013 Compos. Sci. Technol. 75 49
[59]	Wang Z T, Pan J, Li Y, Schuh C A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 135504
[60]	Sarac B, Schroers J 2013 Nat. Cummun. 4 2158
[61]	Hofmann D C, Suh J Y, Wiest A, Duan G, Lind M L, Demetriou M D, Johnson W L 2008 Nature 451 1085
[62]	Wu Y, Xiao Y, Chen G, Liu C T, Lu Z 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 2770
[63]	Wu Y, Zhou D, Song W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 245506
[64]	Goldstein M 1969 J. Chem. Phys. 51 3728
[65]	Wales D J 2003 Energy Landscapes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[66]	Stillinger F H 1995 Science 267 1935
[67]	Lunkenheimer P, Schneider U, Brand R, Loid A 2000 Contem. Phys. 41 15
[68]	Fan Y, Iwashita T, Egami T 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5083
[69]	Luo P, Wen P, Bai H Y, Ruta B, Wang W H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 225901
[70]	Wang L J, Duan Y, Xu N 2012 Soft Matter 8 11831
[71]	Zhao J, Simon S L, McKenna G B 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1783
[72]	Fan Y, Iwashita T, Egami T 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15417
[73]	Lewandowski J J, Greer A L 2005 Nat. Mater. 5 15
[74]	Guan P F, Chen M W, Egami T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 205701
[75]	Zhang Z F, Eckert J, Schultz L 2003 Acta Mater. 51 1167
[76]	Guan P F, Lu S, Spector M J B, Valavala P K, Falk M L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 185502
[77]	Falk M L, Langer J S 1198 Phys. Rev. E 57 7192
[78]	Hu Y C, Guan P F, Li M Z, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 214202
[79]	Spaepen F 1977 Acta Metall. 25 407
[80]	Argon A S 1979 Acta Metal. 27 47
[81]	Johnson W L, Samwer K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 195501
[82]	Hufnagel T C, Schuh C A, Falk M L 2016 Acta Mater. 109 375
[83]	Wang W H, Yang Y, Nieh T G, Liu C T 2015 Intermetallics 67 81
[84]	Maloney C, Lemaitre A 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 016001
[85]	Zhu F, Nguyen H K, Song S X, et al. 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11516
[86]	Luo P, Lu Z, Zhu Z G, Li Y Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 031907
[87]	Wen P, Zhao D Q, Pan M X, Wang W H, Huang Y P, Guo M L 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2790
[88]	Zhao L Z, Li Y Z, Xue R J, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 154904
[89]	Zhao L Z, Xue R J, Li Y Z, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 244901
[90]	Wang B, Wang L J, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Gao X Q, Pan M X, Guan P F 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 175106
[91]	Wu Y C, Wang B, Hu Y C, et al. 2017 Scripta Mater. 134 75
[92]	Egami T 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 637
[93]	Cohen M H, Grest G S 1979 Phys. Rev. B 20 1077
[94]	Lee M H, Lee J K, Kim K T, Thomas J, Das J, Kuhn U, Eckert J 2009 Phys. Status Solidi. 3 46
[95]	Park J M, Kim D H, Eckert J 2012 Intermetallics 29 70
[96]	Zhu Z W, Gu L, Xie G Q, Zhang W, Inoue A, Zhang Z F, Hu Z Q 2011 Acta Mater. 59 2814
[97]	Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 220201
[98]	Parisi G, Sciortino F 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 94
[99]	Cheng Y Q, Cao A J, Ma E 2009 Acta Mater. 57 3253
[100]	Zhao L Z, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2014 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 405 207
[101]	Wang Q, Liu J J, Ye Y F, Liu T T, Wang S, Liu C T, Lu J, Yang Y 2017 Mater. Today (in press)
[102]	Yu H B, Tylinski M, Guiseppi-Elie A, Ediger M D, Richert R 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 185501
[103]	Wang J Q, Shen Y, Perepezko J H, Ediger M D 2016 Acta Mater. 104 25
[104]	Zhang F, Mendelev M I, Zhang Y, Wang C Z, Kramer M J, Ho K M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 061905
[105]	Trappe V, Prasad V, Cipelletti L, Segre P N, Weitz D A 2001 Nature 411 772
[106]	Sheng H W, Liu H Z, Cheng Y Q, Wen J, Lee P L, Luo W K, Shastri S D, Ma E 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 192
[107]	Ding J, Asta M, Ritchie R O 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 140204
[108]	Mo J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang L, Liu B, Yang W 2017 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 464 1
[109]	Wang B, Shang B S, Gao X Q, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Pan M X, Guan P F 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 4945
[110]	Wang C, Yang Z Z , Ma T, et al. 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. textb 111901
[111]	Bechstedt F 2003 Principles of Surface Physics (Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag)
[112]	Zhu L, Brian C W, Swallen S F, Straus P T, Ediger M D, Yu L 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 256103
[113]	Cao C R, Lu Y M, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 141606
[114]	Li Q K, Li M 2008 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354 2060
[115]	Zhang Q, Li Q K, Li M 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 194701
[116]	Sha Z D, Pei Q X, Sorkin V, Branicio P S, Zhang Y W, Gao H J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 081903
[117]	Şopu D, Soyarslan C, Sarac B, Bargmann S, Stoica M, Eckert J 2016 Acta Mater. 106 199
[118]	Chen D Z, Jang D, Guan K M, An Q, Goddard W A, Greer J R 2013 Nano Lett. 13 4462
[119]	Jang D, Greer J R 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 215
[120]	Sharma P, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Makino A 2015 Scr. Mater. 95 3
[121]	Kong F, Wang A, Fan X, Men H, Shen B L, Xie G Q, Makino A, Inoue A 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 07A303
[122]	Zhang M, Kong F, Wang A, Chang C T, Shen B L 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 07A312
[123]	Song W, Wu Y, Wang H, Liu X, Chen H, Guo Z, Lu Z 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 8156
[124]	Wang C C, Mao Y W, Shan Z W, Dao M, Li J, Sun J, Ma E, Suresh S 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 19725
[125]	Shi Y F, Falk M L 2008 Acta Mater. 56 995
[126]	Şopu D, Ritter Y, Gleiter H, Albe K 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 100202
[127]	Guo H, Yan P F, Wang Y B, Tan J, Zhang Z F, Sui M L, Ma E 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 735
[128]	Zhang Y, Wang W H, Greer A L 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 857
[129]	Concustell A, Méar F O, Suriñach S, Baró M D, Greer A L 2009 Philos. Mag. Lett. 89 831
[130]	Wakeda M, Saida J, Li J, Ogata S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 10545
[131]	Wang W, Shao Y, Gong P, Yao K F 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 575 449
[132]	Ketov S V, Sun Y H, Nachum S, Lu Z, Checchi A, Beraldin A R, Bai H Y, Wang W H, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Carpenter M A, Greer A L 2015 Nature 524 200
[133]	Hafnagel T C 2015 Nat. Mater. 14 867
[134]	Spaepen F 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 7
[135]	Greer A L, Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2013 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 74 71
[136]	Wang Y W, Li M, Xu J W 2016 Scr. Mater. 113 10
[137]	Magagnosc D J, Kumar G, Schroers J, Felfer P, Cairney J M, Gianola D S 2014 Acta Mater. 74 165
[138]	Şopu D, Foroughi A, Stoica M, Eckert J 2016 Nano Lett. 16 4467
[139]	Wang X L, Jiang F, Hahn H, Li J, Gleiter H, Sun J, Fang J X 2015 Scri. Mater. 98 40
[140]	Wu F F, Zhang Z F, Mao S X 2009 Acta Mater. 57 257
[141]	Liu Z Q, Li R, Liu G, Su W H, Wang H, Li Y, Shi M J, Luo X K, Wu G J, Zhang T 2012 Acta Mater. 60 3128
[142]	Song K K, Pauly S, Zhang Y, Gargarella P, Li R, Barekar N S, Khn U, Stoica M, Eckert J 2011 Acta Mater. 59 6620
[143]	Pauly S, Das J, Bednarcik J, Mattern N, Kim K, Kim D, Eckert J 2009 Scr. Mater. 60 431
[144]	Song K K, Pauly S, Sun B A, Zhang Y, Tan J, Khn U, Stoica M, Eckert J 2012 Intermetallics 30 132
[145]	Hofmann D C 2010 Science 329 1294
[146]	Song W L, Song K K, Liu Z Q, Li R, Wu Y, L Z P 2014 Mater. Chi. 33 300 (in Chinese) [宋温丽, 宋凯凯, 刘增乾, 李然, 吴渊, 吕昭平 2014 中国材料进展 33 300]
[147]	Wang H, Li R, Wu Y, Chu X, Liu X, Nieh T, Lu Z 2013 Compos. Sci. Technol. 75 49
[148]	Wang Z T, Pan J, Li Y, Schuh C A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 135504
[149]	Wu Y, Xiao Y, Chen G, Liu C T, Lu Z 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 2770
[150]	Wu Y, Zhou D, Song W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 245506
[151]	Wu Y, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang Z, Hui X, Chen G, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2011 Acta Mater. 59 2928
[152]	Zhang Z Y, Wu Y, Zhou J, Wang H, Liu X J, Lu Z P 2013 Scr. Mater. 69 73
[153]	Liu Z Q, Liu G, Qu R T, Zhang Z F, Wu S J, Zhang T 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4167
[154]	Wang Y, Li J, Hamza A V, Barbee Jr T W 2007 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 11155
[155]	Liu W, Zhang H, Shi J A, Wang Z C, Song C, Wang X, Lu S, Zhou X, Gu L, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Chen M, Yao K F, Chen N 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13497
[156]	Couzin J 2005 Science 309 83
[157]	Chen L, Cao C R, Shi J A, Lu Z, Sun Y T, Luo P, Gu L, Bai H Y, Pan M X, Wang W H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 016101
[158]	Wang J Q 2014 Mater. Chi. 33 270 (in Chinese) [王军强 2014 中国材料进展 33 270]
[159]	Wang J Q, Liu Y H, Chen M W, Xie G Q, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Inoue A, Perepezko J H 2012 Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 2567
[160]	Zhao M, Abe K, Yamaura S I, Yamamoto Y, Asao N 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 1056
[161]	Tang Y W, Zhu F, Wang H, Tian Y, Hirata A, Fujita T, Chen M W 2017 Adv. Mater. Interfaces 4 1601086
[162]	Hu F, Zhu S, Chen S, Li Y, Ma L, Wu T, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu C, Yang X, Song L, Yang X, Xiong Y [2017 Adv. Mater. 160 6570
[163]	Agarwala A, Shenoy V B 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 236402
[164]	Greer A L 2009 Mater. Today 12 14
[165]	Mendelev M, Kramer M, Ott R, Sordelet D, Yagodin D, Popel P 2009 Philos. Mag. 89 967
[166]	Gunawardana K G S H, Wilson S R, Mendelev M I, Song X Y 2014 Phys. Rev. E 90 052403
[167]	Dampier W C A 1970 History of Science (in Chinese) [丹皮尔 1970 科学史 (北京: 商务印书馆)]
[168]	Cubuk E D, Schoenholz S S, Liu A J, et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett 114 108001
[169]	Schoenholz S S, Cubuk E D, Sussman D M, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 469
[170]	Cubuk E D, Schoenholz S S, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2016 J. Phys. Chem. B 120 6139
[171]	Schoenholz S S, Cubuk E D, Sussman D M, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2017 PNAS 114 263
[172]	Blake W 2017 Auguries of Innocence (in Chinese) [威廉·布莱克[英] 2017 布莱克诗集 (上海: 上海社会科学院出版社)]

Cited By

[1]	Lao Tze The Spring and Autumn Period Tao Te Ching (in Chinese) [老子春秋时期《道德经》]
[2]	Peker A, Johnson W L 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2342
[3]	Wang W H 2013 Prog. Phys. 33 177 (in Chinese) [汪卫华 2013 物理学进展 33 177]
[4]	Schuh C A, Hufnagel T C, Ramamurty U 2007 Acta Mater. 55 4067
[5]	Inoue A 2000 Acta Mater. 48 279
[6]	Liu Y H, Wang G, Wang R J, Pan M X, Wang W H 2007 Science 315 1385
[7]	Yu H B, Shen X, Wang Z, Gu L, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 015504
[8]	Ichitsubo T, Matsubara E, Yamamoto T, Chen H S, Nishiyama N, Saida J, Anazawa K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 245501
[9]	Wang W H 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 275
[10]	Liu Y H, Wang D, Nakajima K, Zhang W, Hirata A, Nishi T, Inoue A, Chen M W 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 125504
[11]	Wagner H, Bedorf D, Kchemann S, Schwabe M, Zhang B, Arnold W, Samwer K 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 439
[12]	Peng H L, Li M Z, Wang W H 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 135503
[13]	Debenedetti P G, Stillinger F H 2001 Nature 410 259
[14]	Busch R, Schroers J, Wang W H 2007 MRS Bull. 32 620
[15]	Ediger M D 2000 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51 99
[16]	Berthier L, Biroli G, Bouchaud J P, Cipelletti L, van Saarloos W 2011 Dynamical Heterogeneity in Glasses, Colloids and Granular (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p150
[17]	Horbach J, Kob W 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 041503
[18]	Berthier L 2011 Physics 4 42
[19]	Berthier L, Biroli G 2011 Rev. Modern Phys. 83 588
[20]	Chen M W 2008 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 38 445
[21]	Hirata A, Guan P F, Fujita T, Hirotsu Y, Inoue A, Yavari A R, Sakurai T, Chen M W 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 28
[22]	Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 379
[23]	Bernal J D 1960 Nature 185 68
[24]	Bernal J D 1959 Nature 183 141
[25]	Miracle D B 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 697
[26]	Sheng H W, Luo W K, Alamgir F M, Bai J M, Ma E 2006 Nature 439 419
[27]	Hirata A, Kang K J, Fujita T, Klumov B, Matsue K, Kotani M, Yavari A R, Chen M W 2013 Science 341 376
[28]	Gaskell P H 1978 Nature 276 484
[29]	Miracle D B, Sanders W S, Senkov O N 2003 Philos. Mag. 83 2409
[30]	Finney J L 1977 Nature 266 309
[31]	Cheng Y Q, Ma E, Sheng H W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 245501
[32]	Peng H L 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese) [彭海龙 2012 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院物理研究所)]
[33]	Cao A J, Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2009 Acta Mater. 57 5146
[34]	Li M, Wang C Z, Hao S G, Kramer M J, Ho K M 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 184201
[35]	Hu Y C, Li F X, Li M Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8310
[36]	Fujita T, Konno K, Zhang W, Kumar V, Matsuura M, Inoue A, Sakurai T, Chen M W 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 075502
[37]	Guan P F, Fujita T, Hirata A, Liu Y H, Chen M W 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 175501
[38]	Guan P F 2014 MRS Fall Meeting Boson, USA
[39]	Hu Y C, Wang Y Z, Su R, Cao C R, Li F, Sun C W, Yang Y, Guan P F, Ding D W, Wang L Z, Wang W H 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 10293
[40]	Gleiter H 2008 Acta Mater. 56 5875
[41]	Gleiter H 1989 Prog. Mater. Sci. 33 223
[42]	Chen N, Frank R, Asao N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Sharma P, Wang J Q, Xie G Q, Ishikawa Y, Hatakeyama N, Lin Y C, Esashi M, Yamamoto Y, Inoue A 2011 Acta Mater. 59 6433
[43]	Fang J X, Vainio U, Puff W, Wrschum R, Wang X L, Wang D, Ghafari M, Jiang F, Sun J, Hahn H, Gleiter H 2012 Nano Lett. 12 458
[44]	Chen N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Xie G Q, Sharma P, Perepezko J H, Esashi M, Yavari A R, Inoue A 2013 Nanotechnology 24 045610
[45]	Sniadecki Z, Wang D, Ivanisenko Y, Chakravadhanula V S K, Kbel C, Hahn H, Gleiter H 2016 Mater. Chacter 113 26
[46]	Chen N, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Yao K F 2017 J. Alloys Comp. 707 371
[47]	Pan J, Liu L, Chan K C 2009 Scr. Mater. 60 822
[48]	Park E S, Kim D H 2006 Acta Mater. 54 2597
[49]	Fan C, Li C, Inoue A, Haas V 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 R3761
[50]	Chen M W, Inoue A, Zhang W, Sakurai T 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 245502
[51]	Schroers J, Johnson W L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 255506
[52]	Cheng J L, Chen G, Liu C T, Li Y 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2097
[53]	Hui X, Dong W, Chen G, Yao K 2007 Acta Mater. 55 907
[54]	Qiao J W, Wang S, Zhang Y, Liaw P K, Chen G L 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 151905
[55]	Zhu Z, Zhang H, Hu Z, Zhang W, Inoue A 2010 Scr. Mater. 62 278
[56]	Xu Y K, Ma H, Xu J, Ma E 2005 Acta Mater. 53 1857
[57]	Conner R D, Dandliker R B, Johnson W L 1998 Acta Mater. 46 6089
[58]	Wang H, Li R, Wu Y, Chu X, Liu X, Nieh T, Lu Z 2013 Compos. Sci. Technol. 75 49
[59]	Wang Z T, Pan J, Li Y, Schuh C A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 135504
[60]	Sarac B, Schroers J 2013 Nat. Cummun. 4 2158
[61]	Hofmann D C, Suh J Y, Wiest A, Duan G, Lind M L, Demetriou M D, Johnson W L 2008 Nature 451 1085
[62]	Wu Y, Xiao Y, Chen G, Liu C T, Lu Z 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 2770
[63]	Wu Y, Zhou D, Song W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 245506
[64]	Goldstein M 1969 J. Chem. Phys. 51 3728
[65]	Wales D J 2003 Energy Landscapes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[66]	Stillinger F H 1995 Science 267 1935
[67]	Lunkenheimer P, Schneider U, Brand R, Loid A 2000 Contem. Phys. 41 15
[68]	Fan Y, Iwashita T, Egami T 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5083
[69]	Luo P, Wen P, Bai H Y, Ruta B, Wang W H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 225901
[70]	Wang L J, Duan Y, Xu N 2012 Soft Matter 8 11831
[71]	Zhao J, Simon S L, McKenna G B 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1783
[72]	Fan Y, Iwashita T, Egami T 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15417
[73]	Lewandowski J J, Greer A L 2005 Nat. Mater. 5 15
[74]	Guan P F, Chen M W, Egami T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 205701
[75]	Zhang Z F, Eckert J, Schultz L 2003 Acta Mater. 51 1167
[76]	Guan P F, Lu S, Spector M J B, Valavala P K, Falk M L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 185502
[77]	Falk M L, Langer J S 1198 Phys. Rev. E 57 7192
[78]	Hu Y C, Guan P F, Li M Z, et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 214202
[79]	Spaepen F 1977 Acta Metall. 25 407
[80]	Argon A S 1979 Acta Metal. 27 47
[81]	Johnson W L, Samwer K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 195501
[82]	Hufnagel T C, Schuh C A, Falk M L 2016 Acta Mater. 109 375
[83]	Wang W H, Yang Y, Nieh T G, Liu C T 2015 Intermetallics 67 81
[84]	Maloney C, Lemaitre A 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 016001
[85]	Zhu F, Nguyen H K, Song S X, et al. 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11516
[86]	Luo P, Lu Z, Zhu Z G, Li Y Z, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 031907
[87]	Wen P, Zhao D Q, Pan M X, Wang W H, Huang Y P, Guo M L 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2790
[88]	Zhao L Z, Li Y Z, Xue R J, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 154904
[89]	Zhao L Z, Xue R J, Li Y Z, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 244901
[90]	Wang B, Wang L J, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Gao X Q, Pan M X, Guan P F 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 175106
[91]	Wu Y C, Wang B, Hu Y C, et al. 2017 Scripta Mater. 134 75
[92]	Egami T 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 637
[93]	Cohen M H, Grest G S 1979 Phys. Rev. B 20 1077
[94]	Lee M H, Lee J K, Kim K T, Thomas J, Das J, Kuhn U, Eckert J 2009 Phys. Status Solidi. 3 46
[95]	Park J M, Kim D H, Eckert J 2012 Intermetallics 29 70
[96]	Zhu Z W, Gu L, Xie G Q, Zhang W, Inoue A, Zhang Z F, Hu Z Q 2011 Acta Mater. 59 2814
[97]	Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 220201
[98]	Parisi G, Sciortino F 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 94
[99]	Cheng Y Q, Cao A J, Ma E 2009 Acta Mater. 57 3253
[100]	Zhao L Z, Wang W H, Bai H Y 2014 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 405 207
[101]	Wang Q, Liu J J, Ye Y F, Liu T T, Wang S, Liu C T, Lu J, Yang Y 2017 Mater. Today (in press)
[102]	Yu H B, Tylinski M, Guiseppi-Elie A, Ediger M D, Richert R 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 185501
[103]	Wang J Q, Shen Y, Perepezko J H, Ediger M D 2016 Acta Mater. 104 25
[104]	Zhang F, Mendelev M I, Zhang Y, Wang C Z, Kramer M J, Ho K M 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 061905
[105]	Trappe V, Prasad V, Cipelletti L, Segre P N, Weitz D A 2001 Nature 411 772
[106]	Sheng H W, Liu H Z, Cheng Y Q, Wen J, Lee P L, Luo W K, Shastri S D, Ma E 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 192
[107]	Ding J, Asta M, Ritchie R O 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 140204
[108]	Mo J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang L, Liu B, Yang W 2017 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 464 1
[109]	Wang B, Shang B S, Gao X Q, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Pan M X, Guan P F 2016 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 4945
[110]	Wang C, Yang Z Z , Ma T, et al. 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. textb 111901
[111]	Bechstedt F 2003 Principles of Surface Physics (Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag)
[112]	Zhu L, Brian C W, Swallen S F, Straus P T, Ediger M D, Yu L 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 256103
[113]	Cao C R, Lu Y M, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 141606
[114]	Li Q K, Li M 2008 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354 2060
[115]	Zhang Q, Li Q K, Li M 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 194701
[116]	Sha Z D, Pei Q X, Sorkin V, Branicio P S, Zhang Y W, Gao H J 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 081903
[117]	Şopu D, Soyarslan C, Sarac B, Bargmann S, Stoica M, Eckert J 2016 Acta Mater. 106 199
[118]	Chen D Z, Jang D, Guan K M, An Q, Goddard W A, Greer J R 2013 Nano Lett. 13 4462
[119]	Jang D, Greer J R 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 215
[120]	Sharma P, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Makino A 2015 Scr. Mater. 95 3
[121]	Kong F, Wang A, Fan X, Men H, Shen B L, Xie G Q, Makino A, Inoue A 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 07A303
[122]	Zhang M, Kong F, Wang A, Chang C T, Shen B L 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 07A312
[123]	Song W, Wu Y, Wang H, Liu X, Chen H, Guo Z, Lu Z 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 8156
[124]	Wang C C, Mao Y W, Shan Z W, Dao M, Li J, Sun J, Ma E, Suresh S 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 19725
[125]	Shi Y F, Falk M L 2008 Acta Mater. 56 995
[126]	Şopu D, Ritter Y, Gleiter H, Albe K 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 100202
[127]	Guo H, Yan P F, Wang Y B, Tan J, Zhang Z F, Sui M L, Ma E 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 735
[128]	Zhang Y, Wang W H, Greer A L 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 857
[129]	Concustell A, Méar F O, Suriñach S, Baró M D, Greer A L 2009 Philos. Mag. Lett. 89 831
[130]	Wakeda M, Saida J, Li J, Ogata S 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 10545
[131]	Wang W, Shao Y, Gong P, Yao K F 2013 J. Alloys Compd. 575 449
[132]	Ketov S V, Sun Y H, Nachum S, Lu Z, Checchi A, Beraldin A R, Bai H Y, Wang W H, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Carpenter M A, Greer A L 2015 Nature 524 200
[133]	Hafnagel T C 2015 Nat. Mater. 14 867
[134]	Spaepen F 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 7
[135]	Greer A L, Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2013 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 74 71
[136]	Wang Y W, Li M, Xu J W 2016 Scr. Mater. 113 10
[137]	Magagnosc D J, Kumar G, Schroers J, Felfer P, Cairney J M, Gianola D S 2014 Acta Mater. 74 165
[138]	Şopu D, Foroughi A, Stoica M, Eckert J 2016 Nano Lett. 16 4467
[139]	Wang X L, Jiang F, Hahn H, Li J, Gleiter H, Sun J, Fang J X 2015 Scri. Mater. 98 40
[140]	Wu F F, Zhang Z F, Mao S X 2009 Acta Mater. 57 257
[141]	Liu Z Q, Li R, Liu G, Su W H, Wang H, Li Y, Shi M J, Luo X K, Wu G J, Zhang T 2012 Acta Mater. 60 3128
[142]	Song K K, Pauly S, Zhang Y, Gargarella P, Li R, Barekar N S, Khn U, Stoica M, Eckert J 2011 Acta Mater. 59 6620
[143]	Pauly S, Das J, Bednarcik J, Mattern N, Kim K, Kim D, Eckert J 2009 Scr. Mater. 60 431
[144]	Song K K, Pauly S, Sun B A, Zhang Y, Tan J, Khn U, Stoica M, Eckert J 2012 Intermetallics 30 132
[145]	Hofmann D C 2010 Science 329 1294
[146]	Song W L, Song K K, Liu Z Q, Li R, Wu Y, L Z P 2014 Mater. Chi. 33 300 (in Chinese) [宋温丽, 宋凯凯, 刘增乾, 李然, 吴渊, 吕昭平 2014 中国材料进展 33 300]
[147]	Wang H, Li R, Wu Y, Chu X, Liu X, Nieh T, Lu Z 2013 Compos. Sci. Technol. 75 49
[148]	Wang Z T, Pan J, Li Y, Schuh C A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 135504
[149]	Wu Y, Xiao Y, Chen G, Liu C T, Lu Z 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 2770
[150]	Wu Y, Zhou D, Song W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 245506
[151]	Wu Y, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang Z, Hui X, Chen G, Ma D, Wang X, Lu Z 2011 Acta Mater. 59 2928
[152]	Zhang Z Y, Wu Y, Zhou J, Wang H, Liu X J, Lu Z P 2013 Scr. Mater. 69 73
[153]	Liu Z Q, Liu G, Qu R T, Zhang Z F, Wu S J, Zhang T 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4167
[154]	Wang Y, Li J, Hamza A V, Barbee Jr T W 2007 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 11155
[155]	Liu W, Zhang H, Shi J A, Wang Z C, Song C, Wang X, Lu S, Zhou X, Gu L, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Chen M, Yao K F, Chen N 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13497
[156]	Couzin J 2005 Science 309 83
[157]	Chen L, Cao C R, Shi J A, Lu Z, Sun Y T, Luo P, Gu L, Bai H Y, Pan M X, Wang W H 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 016101
[158]	Wang J Q 2014 Mater. Chi. 33 270 (in Chinese) [王军强 2014 中国材料进展 33 270]
[159]	Wang J Q, Liu Y H, Chen M W, Xie G Q, Louzguine-Luzgin D V, Inoue A, Perepezko J H 2012 Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 2567
[160]	Zhao M, Abe K, Yamaura S I, Yamamoto Y, Asao N 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 1056
[161]	Tang Y W, Zhu F, Wang H, Tian Y, Hirata A, Fujita T, Chen M W 2017 Adv. Mater. Interfaces 4 1601086
[162]	Hu F, Zhu S, Chen S, Li Y, Ma L, Wu T, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu C, Yang X, Song L, Yang X, Xiong Y [2017 Adv. Mater. 160 6570
[163]	Agarwala A, Shenoy V B 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 236402
[164]	Greer A L 2009 Mater. Today 12 14
[165]	Mendelev M, Kramer M, Ott R, Sordelet D, Yagodin D, Popel P 2009 Philos. Mag. 89 967
[166]	Gunawardana K G S H, Wilson S R, Mendelev M I, Song X Y 2014 Phys. Rev. E 90 052403
[167]	Dampier W C A 1970 History of Science (in Chinese) [丹皮尔 1970 科学史 (北京: 商务印书馆)]
[168]	Cubuk E D, Schoenholz S S, Liu A J, et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett 114 108001
[169]	Schoenholz S S, Cubuk E D, Sussman D M, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 469
[170]	Cubuk E D, Schoenholz S S, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2016 J. Phys. Chem. B 120 6139
[171]	Schoenholz S S, Cubuk E D, Sussman D M, Kaxiras E, Liu A J 2017 PNAS 114 263
[172]	Blake W 2017 Auguries of Innocence (in Chinese) [威廉·布莱克[英] 2017 布莱克诗集 (上海: 上海社会科学院出版社)]

[1]	Zhang Jian, Hao Qi, Zhang Lang-Ting, Qiao Ji-Chao. Probing microstructural heterogeneity of La-based amorphous alloy under versatile mechanical stimuli. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(4): 046101. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231421
[2]	Xu Shan-Sen, Chang Jian, Zhai Bin, Zhu Xian-Nian, Wei Bing-Bo. Microscopic structure evolution and amorphous solidification mechanism of liquid quinary Zr₅₇Cu₂₀Al₁₀Ni₈Ti₅ alloy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(22): 226401. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20231169
[3]	Chen Bo, Yang Zhan-Zhan, Wang Yu-Ying, Wang Yin-Gang. Effects of annealing time on nanoscale structural heterogeneity and magnetic properties of Fe₈₀Si₉B₁₀Cu₁ amorphous alloy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(15): 156102. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220446
[4]	Zhou Bian, Yang Liang. Molecular dynamics simulation of effect of cooling rate on the microstructures and deformation behaviors in metallic glasses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(11): 116101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191781
[5]	Li Zhe-Fu, Jia Yan-Yan, Liu Ren-Duo, Xu Yu-Hai, Wang Guang-Hong, Xia Xiao-Bin, Shen Wei-Zu. Effect of proton irradiation on microstructure evolution of permanent magnet. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(1): 016104. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20172025
[6]	Li Mao-Zhi. Five-fold local symmetries in metallic liquids and glasses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(17): 176107. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.176107
[7]	Ren Jing-Li, Yu Li-Ping, Zhang Li-Ying. Critical phenomena in amorphous materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(17): 176401. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.176401
[8]	Bian Xi-Lei, Wang Gang. Ion irradiation of metallic glasses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(17): 178101. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.178101
[9]	Feng Tao, Horst Hahn, Herbert Gleiter. Progress of nanostructured metallic glasses. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(17): 176110. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.176110
[10]	Sun Xing, Mo Guang, Zhao Lin-Zhi, Dai Lan-Hong, Wu Zhong-Hua, Jiang Min-Qiang. Characterization of nanoscale structural heterogeneity in an amorphous alloy by synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(17): 176109. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.176109
[11]	He Yong-Zhou. Inhomogeneity of external magnetic field for permanent magnet. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(8): 084105. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.084105
[12]	Tang Jie, Yang Li-Rong, Wang Xiao-Jun, Zhang Lin, Wei Cheng-Fu, Chen Bo-Wei, Mei Yang. Effects of high pressure on microstructure and properties of bulk (PrNd)xAl0.6Nb0.5Cu0.15B1.05Fe97.7-x alloys. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(24): 240701. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.240701
[13]	Wu Zhong-Hua, Sun Guang-Ai, Liu Yi, Chen Bo, Yan Guan-Yun, Wang Jie, Huang Chao-Qiang, Wu Er-Dong, Li Wu-Hui. Small angle X-ray scattering study of the microstructure and interface characteristics of single crystal superalloys during creep process. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(1): 016102. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.016102
[14]	Wang Xiao-Dong, Ouyang Jie, Su Jin. Simulation of microstructure of liquid-crystalline polymers in nonhomogenous shear flow by EFG method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(9): 6369-6376. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.6369
[15]	Hou Zhao-Yang, Liu Li-Xia, Liu Rang-Su, Tian Ze-An. Simulation of evolution mechanisms of microstructures during rapid solidification of Al-Mg alloy melt. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(7): 4817-4825. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.4817
[16]	Fan Xian-Hong, Chen Bo, Guan Qing-Feng. The influence of proton irradiation on the microstructure of pure Al films. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(3): 1829-1833. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.1829
[17]	Li Xiu-Mei, Liu Tao, Guo Zhao-Hui, Zhu Ming-Gang, Li Wei. Effects of rare earth content on microstructure and magnetic properties of (Nd,Dy)-(Fe,Al)-B alloys. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(6): 3823-3827. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.3823
[18]	Guan Qing-Feng, An Chun-Xiang, Qin Ying, Zou Jian-Xin, Hao Sheng-Zhi, Zhang Qing-Yu, Dong Chuang, Zou Guang-Tian. Microstructure induced by stress generated by high-current pulsed electron beam. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(8): 3927-3934. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.3927
[19]	Pan Meng-Xiao, Cao Xing-Zhong, Li Yang-Xian, Wang Bao-Yi, Xue De-Sheng, Ma Chuang-Xin, Zhou Chun-Lan, Wei Long. Microstructural features of DC sputtered vanadium oxide thin films. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(6): 1956-1960. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.1956
[20]	CHENG WEN-HAO, LI WEI, LI CHUAN-JIAN, PAN WEI. INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSISTENCE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SINTERED Nd-Fe-B MAGNETS. Acta Physica Sinica, 2001, 50(11): 2226-2229. doi: 10.7498/aps.50.2226

Catalog

Vol. 66, Issue 17 - 2017-09-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 8562
PDF Downloads: 1116
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板