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非晶态材料有着复杂的原子结构（短程有序、长程无序）和特殊的物理性质，其临界现象和相变问题一直受到学术界关注.非晶合金，又称为金属玻璃，是一种新型的非晶态材料，具有很高的强度和优异的弹性.从微观的角度来看，非晶合金可以看作是一个多粒子系统.临界现象的研究对认识和理解多粒子系统之间的相互作用有深刻的意义.本文主要讨论非晶合金中的临界现象，包括非晶合金从制备过程、微观结构到宏观的力学性能以及磁性方面存在的临界现象，并分析这些临界现象之间的内在联系，进而深入理解非晶合金的微观结构对其宏观性质的影响.这为认识非晶合金的形成本质，提高服役可靠性，探索具有实际应用价值的非晶合金提供理论依据.
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[21] Biroli G 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 222
[22] Wang W H 2012 Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 487
[23] Liu A J, Nagel S R 1998 Nature 396 21
[24] Wang W H 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 053521
[25] Wang W H 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 275
[26] Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Wu Y, Chen M W 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 220201
[27] Wang Z, Yu H B, Wen P, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2011 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23 142202
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[29] Zhu Z G, Li Y Z, Wang Z, Gao X Q, Wen P, Bai H Y, Ngai K L, Wang W H 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 084506
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[42] Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 379
[43] Akihiko H, Pengfei G, Takeshi F, Yoshihiko H, Akihisa I, Alain Reza Y 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 28
[44] Treacy M M J, Borisenko K B 2012 Science 335 950
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[46] Bernal J D 1960 Nature 185 68
[47] Zeng Q S, Kono Y, Lin Y, Zeng Z D, Wang J Y, Sinogeikin S V, Park C, Meng Y, Yang W, Mao H K, Mao W L 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 185502
[48] Srivastava A P, Das N, Sharma S K, Sinha A K, Srivastava D, Pujari P K, Dey G K 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 225303
[49] Bunde A, Havlin S 1991 Fractals and Disordered Systems (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp132-145
[50] Scher H, Zallen R 1970 J. Chem. Phys. 53 3759
[51] Ren J L, Zhang L Y, Siegmund S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22420
[52] Ren J L, Zhang L Y 2017 J. Stat. Phys. 168 394
[53] Spaepen F 1977 Acta Metall. 25 407
[54] Argon A S 1979 Acta Metall. 27 47
[55] Cohen M H, Grest G S 1979 Phys. Rev. B 20 1077
[56] Schuh C A, Hufnag T C, Ramamurty U 2007 Acta Mater. 55 4067
[57] Ngai K L 2011 Relaxation and Difusion in Complex Systems (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp154-168
[58] Leamy H J, Wang T T, Chen H S 1972 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 3 699
[59] Ott E 1993 Chaos in Dynamical Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p71
[60] Kauffman S A 1992 Origins of Order in Evolution: Self-organization and Selection (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) pp153-181
[61] Bak P, Tang C, Wiesenfeld K 1988 Phys. Rev. A 38 364
[62] Karatzas I, Shreve S E 1991 Brownian Motion and Stochastic Calculus (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p132
[63] Pentland A P 1984 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. 6 661
[64] Lopes R, Betrouni N 2009 Med. Image Anal. 13 634
[65] Sarmah R, Ananthakrishna G, Sun B A, Wang W H 2011 Acta Mater. 59 4482
[66] Hu H B, Wang L 2005 Physics 34 889 (in Chinese) [胡海波, 王林 2005 物理 34 889]
[67] Sammonds P 2005 Nat. Mater. 4 425
[68] Christensen K, Moloney N R 2005 Complexity and Criticality (London: Imperial College Press) pp15-22
[69] Bak P, Tang C 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 15635
[70] Mandelbrot B B, Wheeler J A 1983 Am. J. Phys. 51 286
[71] Sun B A, Yu H B, Jiao W, Bai H Y, Zhao D Q, Wang W H 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 035501
[72] Sun B A, Pauly S, Tan J, Stoica M, Wang W H, Khn U, Eckert J 2012 Acta Mater. 60 4160
[73] Wang G, Chan K C, Xia L, Yu P, Shen J, Wang W H 2009 Acta Mater. 57 6146
[74] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Mattern N, Eckert J 2011 AIP Adv. 1 032158
[75] Ren J L, Chen C, Liu Z Y, Li R, Wang G 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 134303
[76] Chen C, Ren J L, Wang G, Dahmen K A, Liaw P K 2015 Phys. Rev. E 92 012113
[77] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Liaw P K 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 45083
[78] Burridge R, Knopoff L 1967 Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57 341
[79] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Cheung W S, Sun B A, Mattern N 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 033520
[80] Gubanov A I 1960 Sov. Phys. Solid State 2 468
[81] Shen B G, Zhao J G, Zhan W S, Chen J C 1986 Acta Phys. Sin. 35 124 (in Chinese) [沈保根, 赵见高, 詹文山, 陈金昌 1986 物理学报 35 124]
[82] Le Guillon J C, Zinn-Justin J 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 95
[83] Fisher M E 1974 Rev. Mod. Phys. 46 597
[84] Kollvel J S, Comly J B 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 1237
[85] Collins M F, Minkiewicz V J, Nathans R, Passell L, Shirane G 1969 Phys. Rev. 179 417
[86] Kaul S N 1981 Phys. Rev. B 24 6550
[87] Kaul S N 1981 Phys. Rev. B 23 1205
[88] Malmhäll R, Bäckström G, Rao K V, Bhagat S M, Meichale M, Salamon M B 1978 J. Appl. Phys. 49 1727
[89] Beckman D, Gramm K, Lundgren L, Rao K V, Chen H S 1981 Solid State Commun. 39 777
[90] Winschun K, Rosenberg M 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 61 4401
[91] Yeshurun Y, Salamon M B, Rao K V, Chen H S 1981 Phys. Rev. B 24 1536
[92] Arrott A 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 1394
[93] Yeung I, Roshko R, Williams G 1986 Phys. Rev. B 34 3456
[94] Aharony A, Pytte E 1983 Phys. Rev. B 27 5872
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[1] Wang W H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 33 177 (in Chinese) [汪卫华 2013 物理学进展 33 177]
[2] Yang W M, Liu H S, Zhao Y C, Inoue A, Jiang K M, Huo J T, Ling H B, Li Q, Shen B L 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 6233
[3] Yu L, Hao B L 1984 Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena (Beijing: Science Press) p2 (in Chinese) [于渌, 郝柏林 1984 相变和临界现象 (北京: 科学出版社) 第 2 页]
[4] Duwez P, Willens R H, Klement Jr W 1960 J. Appl. Phys. 31 1136
[5] Chen H S, Turnbull D 1969 Acta Metall. 17 1021
[6] Inoue A, Zhang T, Masumoto T 1989 Mater. Trans. JIM 30 965
[7] Zhang T, Inoue A, Masumoto T 1991 Mater. Trans. JIM 32 1005
[8] Löffler J F 2003 Intermetallics 11 529
[9] Shi Y, Falk M L 2006 Scripta Mater. 54 381
[10] Turnbull D 1969 Contemp. Phys. 10 473
[11] Zhang Y 2010 Metallic Glasses and High-Entropy Alloys (Beijing: Science Press) p14 (in Chinese) [张勇 2010 非晶和高熵合金 (北京: 科学出版社) 第 14 页]
[12] Uhlmann D R 1972 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 7 337
[13] Onorato P I K, Uhlmann D R 1976 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 22 367
[14] Zheng Z B 1979 Acta Metall. Sin. 1 160 (in Chinese) [郑兆勃 1979 金属学报 1 160]
[15] Torquato S 2000 Nature 405 521
[16] Dai D S, Han R Q 1988 Amorphous Physics (Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry) p672 (in Chinese) [戴道生, 韩汝琪 1988 非晶态物理学 (北京: 电子工业出版社) 第 672 页]
[17] Hui X D, Chen G L 2007 Bulk Mmetallic Glasses (Beijing: Chemical Industry Press) p50 (in Chinese) [惠希东, 陈国良 2007 块体非晶合金 (北京: 化学工业出版社) 第 50 页]
[18] Cao C R, Lu Y M, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 141606
[19] Hirata A, Guan P, Fujita T, Hirotsu Y, Inoue A, Yavari A R, Sakurai T, Chen M 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 28
[20] Demetriou M D, Harmon J S, Tao M, Duan G, Samwer K, Johnson W L 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 065502
[21] Biroli G 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 222
[22] Wang W H 2012 Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 487
[23] Liu A J, Nagel S R 1998 Nature 396 21
[24] Wang W H 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 053521
[25] Wang W H 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 275
[26] Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Wu Y, Chen M W 2010 Phys. Rev. B 81 220201
[27] Wang Z, Yu H B, Wen P, Bai H Y, Wang W H 2011 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23 142202
[28] Yu H B, Wang W H, Bai H Y, Samwer K 2014 Natl. Sci. Rev. 1 429
[29] Zhu Z G, Li Y Z, Wang Z, Gao X Q, Wen P, Bai H Y, Ngai K L, Wang W H 2014 J. Chem. Phys. 141 084506
[30] Huang B, Zhu Z G, Ge T P, Bai H Y, Sun B A, Yang Y, Liu C T, Wang W H 2016 Acta Mater. 110 73
[31] Wang Q, Zhang S T, Yang Y, Dong Y D, Liu C T, Lu J 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7876
[32] Kchemann S, Maaß R 2017 Scripta Mater. 137 5
[33] Wang W H 2006 J Appl. Phys. 99 093506
[34] Wang W H 2005 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 351 1481
[35] Yang B, Liu C T, Nieh T G 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 221911
[36] He D R, Liu Z H, Wang B H 2009 Complex Systems and Complex Networks (Beijing: Higher Education Press) pp126-145 (in Chinese) [何大韧, 刘宗华, 汪秉宏 2009 复杂系统与复杂网络 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第 126-145 页]
[37] Park K W, Lee C M, Kim H J, Lee J H, Lee J C 2009 Mater. Sci. Eng. A 499 529
[38] Miracle D B 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 3697
[39] Sheng H W, Luo W K, Alamgir F M, Bai J M, Ma E 2006 Nature 439 419
[40] Ma D, Stoica A D, Wang X L 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 30
[41] Chen D Z, Shi C Y, An Q, Zeng Q, Mao W L, Greer J R 2015 Science 349 1306
[42] Cheng Y Q, Ma E 2011 Prog. Mater Sci. 56 379
[43] Akihiko H, Pengfei G, Takeshi F, Yoshihiko H, Akihisa I, Alain Reza Y 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 28
[44] Treacy M M J, Borisenko K B 2012 Science 335 950
[45] Zeng Q S, Sheng H W, Ding Y, Wang, L, Yang, W G, Jiang J Z, Mao W L, Mao, H K 2011 Science 332 1404
[46] Bernal J D 1960 Nature 185 68
[47] Zeng Q S, Kono Y, Lin Y, Zeng Z D, Wang J Y, Sinogeikin S V, Park C, Meng Y, Yang W, Mao H K, Mao W L 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 185502
[48] Srivastava A P, Das N, Sharma S K, Sinha A K, Srivastava D, Pujari P K, Dey G K 2016 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 225303
[49] Bunde A, Havlin S 1991 Fractals and Disordered Systems (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp132-145
[50] Scher H, Zallen R 1970 J. Chem. Phys. 53 3759
[51] Ren J L, Zhang L Y, Siegmund S 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22420
[52] Ren J L, Zhang L Y 2017 J. Stat. Phys. 168 394
[53] Spaepen F 1977 Acta Metall. 25 407
[54] Argon A S 1979 Acta Metall. 27 47
[55] Cohen M H, Grest G S 1979 Phys. Rev. B 20 1077
[56] Schuh C A, Hufnag T C, Ramamurty U 2007 Acta Mater. 55 4067
[57] Ngai K L 2011 Relaxation and Difusion in Complex Systems (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp154-168
[58] Leamy H J, Wang T T, Chen H S 1972 Metall. Mater. Trans. B 3 699
[59] Ott E 1993 Chaos in Dynamical Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p71
[60] Kauffman S A 1992 Origins of Order in Evolution: Self-organization and Selection (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) pp153-181
[61] Bak P, Tang C, Wiesenfeld K 1988 Phys. Rev. A 38 364
[62] Karatzas I, Shreve S E 1991 Brownian Motion and Stochastic Calculus (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p132
[63] Pentland A P 1984 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. 6 661
[64] Lopes R, Betrouni N 2009 Med. Image Anal. 13 634
[65] Sarmah R, Ananthakrishna G, Sun B A, Wang W H 2011 Acta Mater. 59 4482
[66] Hu H B, Wang L 2005 Physics 34 889 (in Chinese) [胡海波, 王林 2005 物理 34 889]
[67] Sammonds P 2005 Nat. Mater. 4 425
[68] Christensen K, Moloney N R 2005 Complexity and Criticality (London: Imperial College Press) pp15-22
[69] Bak P, Tang C 1989 J. Geophys. Res. 94 15635
[70] Mandelbrot B B, Wheeler J A 1983 Am. J. Phys. 51 286
[71] Sun B A, Yu H B, Jiao W, Bai H Y, Zhao D Q, Wang W H 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 035501
[72] Sun B A, Pauly S, Tan J, Stoica M, Wang W H, Khn U, Eckert J 2012 Acta Mater. 60 4160
[73] Wang G, Chan K C, Xia L, Yu P, Shen J, Wang W H 2009 Acta Mater. 57 6146
[74] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Mattern N, Eckert J 2011 AIP Adv. 1 032158
[75] Ren J L, Chen C, Liu Z Y, Li R, Wang G 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 134303
[76] Chen C, Ren J L, Wang G, Dahmen K A, Liaw P K 2015 Phys. Rev. E 92 012113
[77] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Liaw P K 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 45083
[78] Burridge R, Knopoff L 1967 Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 57 341
[79] Ren J L, Chen C, Wang G, Cheung W S, Sun B A, Mattern N 2014 J. Appl. Phys. 116 033520
[80] Gubanov A I 1960 Sov. Phys. Solid State 2 468
[81] Shen B G, Zhao J G, Zhan W S, Chen J C 1986 Acta Phys. Sin. 35 124 (in Chinese) [沈保根, 赵见高, 詹文山, 陈金昌 1986 物理学报 35 124]
[82] Le Guillon J C, Zinn-Justin J 1977 Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 95
[83] Fisher M E 1974 Rev. Mod. Phys. 46 597
[84] Kollvel J S, Comly J B 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 1237
[85] Collins M F, Minkiewicz V J, Nathans R, Passell L, Shirane G 1969 Phys. Rev. 179 417
[86] Kaul S N 1981 Phys. Rev. B 24 6550
[87] Kaul S N 1981 Phys. Rev. B 23 1205
[88] Malmhäll R, Bäckström G, Rao K V, Bhagat S M, Meichale M, Salamon M B 1978 J. Appl. Phys. 49 1727
[89] Beckman D, Gramm K, Lundgren L, Rao K V, Chen H S 1981 Solid State Commun. 39 777
[90] Winschun K, Rosenberg M 1987 J. Appl. Phys. 61 4401
[91] Yeshurun Y, Salamon M B, Rao K V, Chen H S 1981 Phys. Rev. B 24 1536
[92] Arrott A 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 1394
[93] Yeung I, Roshko R, Williams G 1986 Phys. Rev. B 34 3456
[94] Aharony A, Pytte E 1983 Phys. Rev. B 27 5872
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