Research progress of infrared electrochromic devices

Cheng Bai-Zhang; Zhu Yu-Lin; Yi Yang; Tao Xin; Jia Yan; Liu Dong-Qing; Cheng Hai-Feng

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210211

Abstract

Infrared electrochromic device is a kind of device whose infrared emissivity can change reversibly under electric field excitation. This kind of device has important applications in the fields of adaptive infrared camouflage and intelligent thermal control, and has become a research frontier and hot spot in the field of infrared radiation control. In this paper, the working principle, research status and progress of infrared electrochromic devices based on metal oxides, conductive polymers, graphene and metals are summarized, and the development trend of infrared electrochromic device is analyzed.

Keywords:

infrared emissivity /
dynamic regulation /
adapted infrared camouflage /
intelligent thermal control of spacecraft

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Space Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
2.
Unit 32382 of the PLA, Wuhan 430311, China
3.
Unit 32381 of the PLA, Beijing 100072, China

Corresponding author: Liu Dong-Qing, liudongqing07@nudt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52073303)

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References

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Cited By

图 1 不同类型的WO₃电致发射率动态调控器件　(a)多孔电极式^[13]; (b)半导体电极式^[19]; (c)金属网格电极式^[18]; (d)超材料电极式^[27]; (e) ITO电极式^[29]

Figure 1. Several WO₃ infrared electrochromic devices: (a) Device with porous electrode^[13]; (b) device with semiconductor electrode^[19]; (c) device with metal grid electrode^[18]; (d) device with metamaterials electrode^[27]; (e) device with ITO electrode^[29].

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图 2 (a) LTO器件结构及工作原理示意图^[32]; (b) LTO相变过程示意图^[32]; (c) 器件在不同状态下的反射率曲线^[32]

Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of structure and working principle of LTO device^[32]; (b) phase transition process of LTO^[32]; (c) the reflectivity curves of the LTO device in different states^[32].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) VO₂器件结构示意图^[34]; (b)器件高发射率态的红外热图^[34]; (c)器件低发射率态的红外热图^[34]

Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of structure of VO₂ device^[34]; (b) thermal image of VO₂ device in high emissivity state^[34]; (c) thermal image of VO₂ device in low emissivity state^[34].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)金属网格电极器件结构^[38]; (b)多孔电极器件结构^[11]

Figure 4. (a) The structural diagram of device with metal grid electrode^[38]; (b) the structural diagram of the device with porous electrode^[11].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)透射式噻吩器件结构及红外透过性调控效果^[46]; (b)横向式噻吩器件结构及红外热图^[47]

Figure 5. (a) The structure and regulation effect of infrared transmittance of transmission thiophene device^[46]; (b) structure and infrared discoloration image of transverse discoloration thiophene device^[47].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)石墨烯器件结构及红外热图^[56]; (b)织物石墨烯器件外观及反射率光谱^[57]

Figure 6. (a) Structure and thermal map of graphene device^[56]; (b) appearance and reflectivity curves of fabric graphene device^[57].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 (a)多壁碳纳米管器件结构示意图^[61]; (b)多壁碳纳米管微观结构示意图^[61]; (c)柔性器件的红外伪装效果^[61]; (d)不同掺杂程度器件的红外热图^[61]

Figure 7. (a) Structure diagram of multi-walled CNT device^[61]; (b) schematic diagram of microstructure of multi-walled CNT^[61]; (c) infrared camouflage effect of flexible multi-walled CNT device^[61]; (d) infrared thermal maps of multi-walled CNT devices in different states^[61].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 (a)超表面石墨烯器件表面微元结构示意图^[65]; (b)金纳米微元阵列^[65]; (c)不同栅极电压下的器件反射率光谱^[65]

Figure 8. (a) Chematic diagram of surface microelement structure of metasurface graphene device^[65]; (b) gold electrode array^[65]; (c) IR reflectance curves of the device for different gate voltages^[65].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 (a)基于石墨烯电极的器件的结构及红外热图^[70]; (b) 基于Pt电极刚性器件的工作过程及不同通电时间下的反射率曲线^[71]; (c)基于Pt电极柔性器件的红外伪装效果及不同通电时间下柔性器件的反射率曲线^[71]

Figure 9. (a) Schematic diagram of device structure and thermal maps based on graphene electrode^[70]; (b) diagram of working process and the reflectivity curves of rigid device based on Pt electrode at different times of energization^[71]; (c) infrared camouflage effect and reflectivity curves of flexible device at different times of energization^[71].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 几类红外发射率动态调控器件的主要性能最优值^{[17,27,32,34,39,45,56,61,71]}

Table 1. The optimum values of main performance of several kinds of IR emissivity adjustable devices^{[17,27,32,34,39,45,56,61,71]}.

主要性能	金属氧化物类	导电聚合物类	石墨烯类	金属类
调控量	0.800 (7—12 μm)	0.553 (8—14 μm)	0.550 (7.5—13 μm)	0.770 (8—14 μm)
响应时间/s	1.6	1.0	1$ \times $10^–9	10
循环寿命/次	100000	900	3500	400
多波段兼容性	红外	可见光-红外	可见光-红外-微波	可见光-红外
工艺复杂程度	较复杂	简单	复杂	简单
制备成本	较高	较低	高	较高

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[1]	Lin S, Ai L, Zhang J, Bu T, Li H, Huang F, Zhang J, Lu Y, Song W 2019 Sol. Energy Mater Sol. Cells 203 110135 Google Scholar
[2]	Kim D G, Han K I, Choi J H, Kim T K 2016 J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 30 4801 Google Scholar
[3]	Hong S, Shin S, Chen R 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 1909788 Google Scholar
[4]	Morin S A, Shepherd R F, Kwok S W, Stokes A A, Nemiroski A, Whitesides G M 2012 Science 337 828 Google Scholar
[5]	Aliasi G, Mengali G, Quarta A A 2013 J. Guid. Control. Dynam. 36 1544 Google Scholar
[6]	Tao X, Liu D Q, Yu J S, Cheng H F 2021 Adv. Optial. Mater. 9 2001847 Google Scholar
[7]	Kumar S, Pickett M D, Strachan J P, Gibson G, Nishi Y, Williams R S 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 6128 Google Scholar
[8]	Xu C Y, Stiubianu G T, Gorodetsky A A 2018 Mater. Sci. 359 1495 Google Scholar
[9]	Leung E M, Colorado Escobar M, Stiubianu G T, Jim S R, Vyatskikh A L, Feng Z, Garner N, Patel P, Naughton K L, Follador M, Karshalev E, Trexler M D, Gorodetsky A A 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1947 Google Scholar
[10]	Xu G, Zhang L, Wang B, Chen X, Dou S, Pan M, Ren F, Li X, Li Y 2020 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 208 110356 Google Scholar
[11]	Xu G, Zhang L, Wang B, Ren Z, Chen X, Dou S, Ren F, Wei H, Li X, Li Y 2020 J. Mater. Chem. C 8 13336 Google Scholar
[12]	Reid C D, Mcalister E D 1959 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 49 78 Google Scholar
[13]	Huchler M, Natusch A, Rothmund W 1995 25th International Conference on Environmental Systems San Diego, California July 10−13, 1995 p1203
[14]	Huang Y S, Zhang Y Z, Zeng X T, Hu X F 2002 Appl. Surf. Sci. 202 104 Google Scholar
[15]	Bergeron B V, White K C, Boehme J L, Gelb A H, Joshi P B 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 832 Google Scholar
[16]	Kislov N, Groger H, Ponnappan R, Caldwell E, Douglas D, Swanson T 2004 Space Technology and Applications International Forum {minus}. Proceedings July 25−29, 1998 p699
[17]	Franke E, Neumann H, Schubert M, Trimble C L, Yan L, Woollam J A 2002 Surf. Coat. Technol. 151 285 Google Scholar
[18]	Franke E B, Trimble C L, Schubert M, Woollam J A, Hale J S 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 930 Google Scholar
[19]	Franke E B, Trimble C L, Hale J S, Schubert M, Woollam J A 2000 J. Phys. D 88 5777 Google Scholar
[20]	Cogan S F, David R, Klein J D, Nguyen N M, Jones R B, Plante T D 1997 J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 956 Google Scholar
[21]	Trimble C L, Franke E, Hale J S, Woollam J A 2000 AIP Conf. Proc. 504 797 Google Scholar
[22]	Kislov N, Groger H, Ponnappan R 2003 AIP Conf. Proc. 654 172 Google Scholar
[23]	Larsson A L, Niklasson G A 2004 Mater.Lett. 58 2517 Google Scholar
[24]	Sauvet K, Rougier A, Sauques L 2008 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 209 Google Scholar
[25]	Sauvet K, Sauques L, Rougier A 2010 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 71 696 Google Scholar
[26]	Demiryont H 2008 SPIE 10.1117
[27]	Demiryont H, Moorehead D 2009 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2075 Google Scholar
[28]	Cox J L, Shannon III K C, Motaghedi P, Sheets J, Groger H, Williams A 2009 Sensors and Systems for Space Applications III St. Petersburg, 2009 p7330
[29]	Zhang X, Tian Y, Li W, Dou S, Wang L, Qu H, Zhao J, Li Y 2019 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 200 109916 Google Scholar
[30]	Li M, Gould T, Su Z, Li S, Pan F, Zhang S 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 115 073902 Google Scholar
[31]	Joshi Y, Saksena A, Hadjixenophontos E, Schneider J M, Schmitz G 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 10616 Google Scholar
[32]	Mandal J, Du S, Dontigny M, Zaghib K, Yu N, Yang Y 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1802180 Google Scholar
[33]	Freeman E, Stone G, Shukla N, Paik H, Moyer J A, Cai Z, Wen H, Herbert R, Schlom D G, Gopalan V, Datta S 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 263109 Google Scholar
[34]	Xiao L, Ma H, Liu J, Zhao W, Jia Y, Zhao Q, Liu K, Wu Y, Wei Y, Fan S, Jiang K 2015 Nano Lett. 15 8365 Google Scholar
[35]	Zhu S S, Swager T M 1997 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 12568 Google Scholar
[36]	Hellström S, Henriksson P, Kroon R, Wang E, Andersson M R 2011 Org. Electron. 12 1406 Google Scholar
[37]	Meisel T, Braun R 1992 SPIE 200 1728 Google Scholar
[38]	Topart P, Hourquebie P 1999 Thin Solid Films 352 243 Google Scholar
[39]	Chandrasekhar P, Zay B J, Birur G C, Rawal S, Pierson E A, Kauder L, Swanson T 2002 Adv. Funct. Mater. 12 95 Google Scholar
[40]	Chandrasekhar P, Zay B J, McQueeney T, Birur G C, Sitaram V, Menon R, Coviello M, Elsenbaumer R L 2005 Synth. Met. 155 623 Google Scholar
[41]	Tian Y, Zhang X, Dou S, Zhang L, Zhang H, Lv H, Wang L, Zhao J, Li Y 2017 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 170 120 Google Scholar
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[43]	Zhang L, Wang B, Li X, Xu G, Dou S, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhao J, Zhang K, Li Y 2019 J. Phys. Chem. C 7 9878 Google Scholar
[44]	Groenendaal L B, Freitag J, Pielartzik H, Reynolds J R 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 481 Google Scholar
[45]	Holt A L, Wehner J G A, Hammp A, Morse D E 2010 Macromol. Chem. Phys. 211 1701 Google Scholar
[46]	Kim B, Koh J K, Park J, Ahn C, Ahn J, Kim J H, Jeon S 2015 Nano Converg. 2 19 Google Scholar
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[50]	Liu M, Yin X, Ulin-Avila E, Geng B, Zentgraf T, Ju L, Wang F, Zhang X 2011 Nature 474 64 Google Scholar
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[57]	Ergoktas M S, Bakan G, Steiner P, Bartlam C, Malevich Y, Yenigun E O, He G, Karim N, Cataldi P, Bissett M A, Kinloch I A, Novoselov K S, Kocabas C 2020 Nano Lett. 20 5346 Google Scholar
[58]	Ergoktas M S, Bakan G, Kovalska E, Le Fevre L W, Fields R P, Steiner P, Yu X, Salihoglu O, Balci S, Fal’ko V I, Novoselov K S, Dryfe R A W, Kocabas C 2021 Nat. Photonics 10 1038 Google Scholar
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