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Pure tungsten (W) is a primary plasm-facing material (PFM) candidate because of its superior properties, but it still has some drawbacks. In order to solve these problems, various methods have been used to improve the performances of tungsten-based materials. Potassium (K) doping, as one of the typical dispersion-strengthening methods for W materials, improves low temperature brittleness, reduces the ductile-brittle transition temperature, and suppresses the recrystallization. Meanwhile, it also improves the thermal shock resistance and fracture toughness of the material by introducing nano-sized K bubbles. However, this method brings a large number of defects inevitably. In fact, the K bubbles and the dislocations which are pinned by these K bubbles can affect the morphology and evolution of hydrogen (H) and helium (He) atoms in the alloys. As a very sensitive method to detect vacancy-type defects in materials, positron annihilation spectroscopy is used to study the irradiation damage caused by H and He atoms in this paper. The calculation of positron lifetime shows that positrons are more sensitive to the vacancy-type defects. Bounding of H and He with vacancies reduces the positron lifetime because of the increase of valence electron density. Combining the calculated results with the positron annihilation lifetime spectrum (PLAS) results shows that the W-K alloy is easier to promote the H atoms to release. Besides, it also more likely to form larger He bubbles which can be estimated by positron lifetime values. The result is also confirmed by the measurements from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and slow positron Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS). The defects in the W-K alloy such as K bubbles and their pinned dislocations can act as diffusion channels to promote the H atoms to release, which gives rise to a smoother surface under the pure H irradiation. Meanwhile, under the condition of the H+6%He irradiation, the K bubbles and their pinned dislocations in the W-K alloy become the capture center of He atoms, promote their nucleation and grow into larger He bubbles. Moreover, under the action of stress and temperature gradient, some of the He bubbles migrate to the surface and release, this process is conducive to the recovery of related defects and the reduction of radiation damage.
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Keywords:
- positron annihilation spectroscopy /
- neutral beam irradiation /
- potassium-tungsten alloy /
- potassium doping
[1] Ueda Y, Coenen J W, Temmerman G D, Doerner R P, Tsitrone E 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 901
Google Scholar
[2] Gumbsch P, Riedle J, Hartmaier A, Fischmeister H F. 1998 Science. 282 1293
Google Scholar
[3] Gumbsch P 2003 J. Nucl. Mater. 323 304
Google Scholar
[4] Giannattasio A, Yao Z, Tarleton E, Roberts S G 2010 Philos Mag. 90 3947
Google Scholar
[5] Rupp D, Weygand S M 2010 Philos Mag. 90 4055
Google Scholar
[6] Bonnekoh C, Lied P, Pantleon W, Karcher T, Leiste H, Hoffmann A, Reiser J, Roeth M 2020 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 93 105347
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang X X, Yan Q Z, Yang C T, Wang T N, Xia M, Ge C C 2016 Rare Metals. 35 566
Google Scholar
[8] Levin Z S, Brady B G, Foley D C, Hartwing K T 2019 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 83 104966
Google Scholar
[9] Fan J L, Liu T, Cheng H C, Wang D L 2008 J. Mater. Process. Techol. 208 463
Google Scholar
[10] Shen Y, Xu Z, Cui K, Yu J 2014 J. Nucl. Mater. 455 234
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang X, Yan Q, Lang S, Xia M, Liu X, Ge C 2014 J. Nucl. Mater. 455 537
Google Scholar
[12] Guan W, Nogami S, Fukuda M, Hasegawa A 2016 Fusion Eng. Des. 109-111 1538
[13] Schade P 2013 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 28 648
[14] Nogami S, Watanabe S, Reiser J, Rieth M, Sickinger S, Hasegawa A 2019 Fusion Eng. Des. 140 48
Google Scholar
[15] Huang B, Chen L Q, Qiu W B, Yang X L, Shi K, Lian Y Y, Liu X, Tang J 2019 J. Nucl. Mater. 520 1
Google Scholar
[16] Feng F, Lian Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Huang B 2019 Tungsten. 1 1
Google Scholar
[17] Zibrov M, Egger W, Heikinheimo J, Mayer M, Toumisto F 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 531 152017
Google Scholar
[18] Ramachandran R, David C, Magudapathy P, Rajaraman R, Govindaraj R, Amarendra G 2019 Fusion Eng. Des. 142 55
[19] Greuner H, Boeswirth B, Boscary J, Mcneely P 2007 J. Nucl. Mater. 367-370B 1444
[20] Feng F, Liu X, Lian Y, Greuner H, Böswirth B, Wang J B, Chen Z 2019 J. Nucl. Mater. 516 178
Google Scholar
[21] 王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴奕初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 著 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第57页
Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) p57 (in Chinese)
[22] Puska M J, Nieminen R M 1983 J. Phys. F:Met. Phys. 13 333
Google Scholar
[23] Campillo Robles J M, Ogando E, Plazaola F 2007 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19 176222
Google Scholar
[24] Arponen J, Pajanne E 1978 Ann Phys. 121 343
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[27] Kimball G E, Shortley G H 1934 Phys. Rev. 45 343
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[31] Ropo M, Kokko K, Vitos L 2008 Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 77 195445
Google Scholar
[32] Monkhorst M J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[34] Staikov P, Djourelov N 2013 Physica. B 413 59
Google Scholar
[35] Puska M J, Lanki P, Nieminen R M 1989 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1 6081
Google Scholar
[36] Zhu T, Wang B Y, Song L G, Liu X H, Song Y M, Liu Y L, Zhang P, Cao X Z, Xu Q 2020 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 45 15571
Google Scholar
[37] Lee S C, Choi J H, Lee J G 2009 J. Nucl. Mater. 383 244
Google Scholar
[38] Troev T, Popov E, Staikov P, Nankov N, Yoshiie T 2009 Nncl Instrum Meth B 267 535
Google Scholar
[39] 王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴奕初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 著 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第77−78页
Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) pp77−78 (in Chinese)
[40] Yabuuchi A, Tanaka M, Kinomura A 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 542 152473
Google Scholar
[41] Shu X Y, Huang B, Liu D P, Fan H Y, Liu N, Tang J 2017 Fusion Eng Des 117 8
Google Scholar
[42] Toyama T, Ami K, Inoue K, Nagai Y, Sato K, Xu Q, Hatano Y 2018 J. Nucl. Mater. 499 464
Google Scholar
[43] Keriem M S Abd E, Werf D P van der, Pleiter F 1993 Phys. Rev. B. 47 14771
Google Scholar
[44] Jensen K O, Nieminen R M 1987 Phys. Rev. B. 36 8219
Google Scholar
[45] Subrahmanyam V S, Nambissan P M G, Sen P 1994 Solid State Commun. 89 523
Google Scholar
[46] Jensen K O, Eldrup M, Singh B N, Horsewell A, Victoria M, Sommer W F 1987 Mater Sci Forum. 15-18 913
Google Scholar
[47] Wang S W, Guo W G, Yuan Y, Gao N, Zhu X L, Cheng L, Cao X Z, Fu E G, Shi L Q, Gao F, Lu G H 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 532 152051
Google Scholar
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图 1 样品SEM图 (a) 未辐照WK样品; (b) 未辐照PW样品; (c) 辐照样品WK1; (d) 辐照样品PW1; (e) 辐照样品WK2 (右上角为红框区域局部放大图); (f)辐照样品PW2(右上角同(e))
Figure 1. SEM images: (a) nonirradiated Sample of WK; (b) nonirradiated Sample of PW; (c) sample WK1; (d) sample PW1; (e) sample WK2 (The upper right corner is a partial enlargement of the red box area); (f) sample PW2 (The same as (e)).
图 2 正电子湮没分布 (a)位错; (b)位错中弥散有氢原子; (c)位错中存在一个空位; (d)空位中存在一个钾原子; (e)晶界; (f)晶界中存在一个空位
Figure 2. Positron annihilation distribution: (a) dislocation; (b) hydrogen atoms are scattered in the dislocation; (c) dislocation with a vacancy; (d) vacancy with a potassium at dislocation; (e) grain boundary; (f) grain boundary with a vacancy.
图 3 钨中氢相关缺陷的正电子寿命
Figure 3. Positron lifetime of H-related defects in tungsten.
图 4 钨中氦相关缺陷的正电子寿命
Figure 4. Positron lifetime of He-related defects in tungsten.
图 5 SRIM 模拟H/He中性束辐照纯钨和钨钾的辐照损伤分布
Figure 5. Profiles of damage in PW and WK irradiated with pure H and H+6%He neutral beam calculated with SRIM.
图 6 SRIM 模拟H/He中性束辐照纯钨和钨钾的粒子浓度分布
Figure 6. Profiles of particle concentration in PW and WK irradiated with pure H and H+6%He neutral beam calculated with SRIM.
图 7 纯钨和钨钾合金H/He中性束辐照后S-E分布和拟合曲线
Figure 7. S-E distribution and fitting curve of irradiatered PW and W-K.
图 8 VEPFIT拟合H/He中性束辐照样品的S参数随注入深度的变化
Figure 8. Fitted S parameters versus VEPFIT for irradiated samples.
图 9 辐照后纯钨和钨钾合金样品S-W参数变化
Figure 9. S-W plots for irradiated PW and WK samples.
表 1 中性束辐照条件
Table 1. Conditions of neutral beam irradiation.
编号 样品
种类功率
/(MW·m–2)入射
粒子加速电
压/kV注量/
1024 m–2表面温
度/℃WK1 WK 10 H 29 3.4 1000 PW1 PW 10 H 29 3.4 1000 WK2 WK 8 H+6%He 27 6.7 800 PW2 PW 8 H+6%He 27 6.7 800 
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表 2 位错模型参数
Table 2. Detailed parameters of dislocations models.
Dislocation Type Slip plane(z) Bugers vector[b] Dislocation line[y] b-y Angle/(°) Intact/ps Vac.1/ps SCREW ($\bar{1}01$) (111)/2 ($\bar{1}2\bar1$) 90 106.5 196.4 EDGE ($\bar{1} 01$) (111)/2 (111) 0 133.9 197.2
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表 3 晶界模型参数
Table 3. Detailed parameters of grain boundary model.
GB Type Σ GB Plane Rotation axis Angle/(°) Intact/ps Vac.1/ps TILT 5 {$0\bar{1} 5$} x (100) 22.61 142.2 204.8
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表 4 辐照样品正电子寿命
Table 4. Positron lifetime of irradiated samples.
编号 $ {\tau }_{1} $/ps $ {I}_{1} $/% $ {\tau }_{2} $/ps $ {I}_{2} $/% $ {\tau }_{m} $/ps $ {\tau }_{1}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}} $/ps WK1 133.0 ± 1.8 62.1 ± 1.0 325.1 ± 3.5 38.0 ± 1.0 205.9 ± 2.4 92.79 WK2 132.1 ± 1.3 70.6 ± 0.7 360.4 ± 3.5 29.4 ± 0.7 199.2 ± 1.9 95.23 PW1 123.1 ± 1.3 70.8 ± 0.7 343.3 ± 3.3 29.2 ± 0.7 187.4 ± 1.8 94.22 PW2 144.0 ± 1.8 66.2 ± 1.0 340.4 ± 4.1 33.8 ± 1.0 210.3 ± 2.6 95.75
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[1] Ueda Y, Coenen J W, Temmerman G D, Doerner R P, Tsitrone E 2014 Fusion Eng. Des. 89 901
Google Scholar
[2] Gumbsch P, Riedle J, Hartmaier A, Fischmeister H F. 1998 Science. 282 1293
Google Scholar
[3] Gumbsch P 2003 J. Nucl. Mater. 323 304
Google Scholar
[4] Giannattasio A, Yao Z, Tarleton E, Roberts S G 2010 Philos Mag. 90 3947
Google Scholar
[5] Rupp D, Weygand S M 2010 Philos Mag. 90 4055
Google Scholar
[6] Bonnekoh C, Lied P, Pantleon W, Karcher T, Leiste H, Hoffmann A, Reiser J, Roeth M 2020 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 93 105347
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang X X, Yan Q Z, Yang C T, Wang T N, Xia M, Ge C C 2016 Rare Metals. 35 566
Google Scholar
[8] Levin Z S, Brady B G, Foley D C, Hartwing K T 2019 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 83 104966
Google Scholar
[9] Fan J L, Liu T, Cheng H C, Wang D L 2008 J. Mater. Process. Techol. 208 463
Google Scholar
[10] Shen Y, Xu Z, Cui K, Yu J 2014 J. Nucl. Mater. 455 234
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang X, Yan Q, Lang S, Xia M, Liu X, Ge C 2014 J. Nucl. Mater. 455 537
Google Scholar
[12] Guan W, Nogami S, Fukuda M, Hasegawa A 2016 Fusion Eng. Des. 109-111 1538
[13] Schade P 2013 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 28 648
[14] Nogami S, Watanabe S, Reiser J, Rieth M, Sickinger S, Hasegawa A 2019 Fusion Eng. Des. 140 48
Google Scholar
[15] Huang B, Chen L Q, Qiu W B, Yang X L, Shi K, Lian Y Y, Liu X, Tang J 2019 J. Nucl. Mater. 520 1
Google Scholar
[16] Feng F, Lian Y, Wang J, Chen Z, Huang B 2019 Tungsten. 1 1
Google Scholar
[17] Zibrov M, Egger W, Heikinheimo J, Mayer M, Toumisto F 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 531 152017
Google Scholar
[18] Ramachandran R, David C, Magudapathy P, Rajaraman R, Govindaraj R, Amarendra G 2019 Fusion Eng. Des. 142 55
[19] Greuner H, Boeswirth B, Boscary J, Mcneely P 2007 J. Nucl. Mater. 367-370B 1444
[20] Feng F, Liu X, Lian Y, Greuner H, Böswirth B, Wang J B, Chen Z 2019 J. Nucl. Mater. 516 178
Google Scholar
[21] 王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴奕初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 著 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第57页
Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) p57 (in Chinese)
[22] Puska M J, Nieminen R M 1983 J. Phys. F:Met. Phys. 13 333
Google Scholar
[23] Campillo Robles J M, Ogando E, Plazaola F 2007 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19 176222
Google Scholar
[24] Arponen J, Pajanne E 1978 Ann Phys. 121 343
[25] Boroński E, Nieminen R M 1986 Phys.l Rev. B. 34 3820
Google Scholar
[26] Lantto, Lauri J 1987 Phys. Rev. B. 36 5160
Google Scholar
[27] Kimball G E, Shortley G H 1934 Phys. Rev. 45 343
Google Scholar
[28] Clark S J, Segall M D, Pickard C J, Hasnip P J, Probert M I J, Refson K, Payne M C 2005 Zeitschrift Für Krist. 220 567
[29] Vanderbilt D 1990 Phys. Rev. B 41 7892
Google Scholar
[30] Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Jackson K A, Pederson M R, Singh D J, Fiolhais C 1992 Phys. Rev. B 46 6671
Google Scholar
[31] Ropo M, Kokko K, Vitos L 2008 Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 77 195445
Google Scholar
[32] Monkhorst M J, Pack J D 1976 Phys. Rev. B 13 5188
Google Scholar
[33] Temmerman G D, Bystrov K, Doerner R P, Marot L, Wright G M, Woller K B, Whyte D G, Zielinski J J 2013 J. Nucl. Mater. 438 S78
Google Scholar
[34] Staikov P, Djourelov N 2013 Physica. B 413 59
Google Scholar
[35] Puska M J, Lanki P, Nieminen R M 1989 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1 6081
Google Scholar
[36] Zhu T, Wang B Y, Song L G, Liu X H, Song Y M, Liu Y L, Zhang P, Cao X Z, Xu Q 2020 Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 45 15571
Google Scholar
[37] Lee S C, Choi J H, Lee J G 2009 J. Nucl. Mater. 383 244
Google Scholar
[38] Troev T, Popov E, Staikov P, Nankov N, Yoshiie T 2009 Nncl Instrum Meth B 267 535
Google Scholar
[39] 王少阶, 陈志权, 王波, 吴奕初, 方鹏飞, 张永学 著 2008 应用正电子谱学 (武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社) 第77−78页
Wang S J, Chen Z Q, Wang B, Wu Y C, Fang P F, Zhang Y X 2008 Applied Positron Spectroscopy (Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press) pp77−78 (in Chinese)
[40] Yabuuchi A, Tanaka M, Kinomura A 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 542 152473
Google Scholar
[41] Shu X Y, Huang B, Liu D P, Fan H Y, Liu N, Tang J 2017 Fusion Eng Des 117 8
Google Scholar
[42] Toyama T, Ami K, Inoue K, Nagai Y, Sato K, Xu Q, Hatano Y 2018 J. Nucl. Mater. 499 464
Google Scholar
[43] Keriem M S Abd E, Werf D P van der, Pleiter F 1993 Phys. Rev. B. 47 14771
Google Scholar
[44] Jensen K O, Nieminen R M 1987 Phys. Rev. B. 36 8219
Google Scholar
[45] Subrahmanyam V S, Nambissan P M G, Sen P 1994 Solid State Commun. 89 523
Google Scholar
[46] Jensen K O, Eldrup M, Singh B N, Horsewell A, Victoria M, Sommer W F 1987 Mater Sci Forum. 15-18 913
Google Scholar
[47] Wang S W, Guo W G, Yuan Y, Gao N, Zhu X L, Cheng L, Cao X Z, Fu E G, Shi L Q, Gao F, Lu G H 2020 J. Nucl. Mater. 532 152051
Google Scholar
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