A high-efficiency wideband tunable polarization conversion metasurface assisted by  localized surface plasmon resonances

Zhang Jian-Guo; Yi Zao; Kang Yong-Qiang; Ren Hao; Wang Wen-Yan; Zhou Jing-Fan; Hao Hui-Zhen; Chang Hui-Dong; Gao Ying-Hao; Chen Ya-Hui; Li Yan-Na

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20220288

Abstract

Combined with the Dirac semimetals (DSMs), which is a new type of material and also called 3D graphene, a tunable wideband terahertz polarization conversion metasurface based on an anisotropic configuration is studied, in which the DSM wire array is beneficial to the regulation of Fermi energy. The results show that the metasurface can realize wideband and highly efficient polarization conversion, and has the property of half wave plate at the resonant modes. These characteristics are derived from the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the anisotropy of structure itself. When the incident angle changes in a range of $0^\circ $–$40^\circ $, the high efficiency of wideband polarization conversion can be maintained. When it is greater than $40^\circ $, the wideband polarization conversion gradually changes into the dual-band conversion or the multi-band conversion. Furthermore, it is found that in the process of increasing the Fermi energy of AlCuFe from 65 to 140 meV, the polarization conversion ratio can be maintained at a high level, and the conversion performance changes from single-band conversion into wideband conversion, and then into wideband conversion with wider band and single-band conversion with narrower band. At the same time, by discussing the metasurface combined with the different DSM, it is concluded that the better the metallic property of DSMs, the better the wideband polarization conversion performance of the corresponding metasurface is. Finally, the numerical results are verified by the multiple interference theory based on the Fabry-Pérot-like resonance cavity.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Department of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
2.
School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
3.
School of Physical Science and Electronics, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
4.
Institute of Theoretical Physics, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices,Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
5.
College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
6.
Information Communication Branch Company, State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company, Taiyuan 030001, China
7.
Department of Physics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China

Corresponding author: Yi Zao, yizaomy@swust.edu.cn ; Li Yan-Na, yannali18@sxu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Scientific Innovation Programs of Higher Education of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2021L485), the Applied Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 202103021223353), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11904216).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 (a)偏振转换超表面的三维结构示意图; (b), (c)一个周期单元顶部狄拉克半金属层的结构分解图和相应的几何参数; (d)一个周期单元的全视图与几何参数; (e)一个周期单元的底视图及几何参数; (f)偏振转换机理图

Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the polarization conversion metasurface; (b), (c) structural decomposition diagram of Dirac semimetals (DSMs) layer at the top of a unit cell and corresponding geometric parameters; (d) overall view of a unit cell with geometric parameters; (e) bottom view of a unit cell with geometric parameters; (f) polarization conversion mechanism diagram.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a), (b)相应插图中子超表面在y偏振垂直入射情形下的偏振转换效率; (c), (d)复合超表面在y或x偏振垂直入射情况下的反射系数振幅和偏振转换效率以及三明治结构超表面在y偏振垂直入射情况下的偏振转换效率; (e), (f)复合超表面在y偏振垂直入射情况下的偏振方向旋转角度、相位差与振幅比. 其中, 图(d)中的插图是部分放大图, DSMs材料费米能的值为${\text{9}}0{\text{ meV}}$

Figure 2. (a), (b) PCR of the sub-metasurfaces in the corresponding illustrations for the normal incident wave polarized along y-axis; (c), (d) numerically simulated cross- and co-polarized reflection amplitudes and calculated PCR of the composite metasurface for the normal incident wave polarized along y- or x-axis, as well as calculated PCR of the sandwich structure metasurface for the normal incident wave polarized along y-axis; (e), (f) calculated polarization azimuth rotation angle $\eta $, relative phase $\Delta {\varphi _{xy}}$ and reflection amplitude ratio ${{{r_{xy}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{r_{xy}}} {{r_{yy}}}}} \right. } {{r_{yy}}}}$ of the composite metasurface for the normal incident wave polarized along y-axis. The inset in panel (d) indicates the partially enlarged view of the PCR for y- polarized incident wave, and the Fermi energy of DSMs is ${\text{9}}0{\text{ meV}}$.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 两种子超表面谐振模式处的电场分量E_z分布, 电流I流向以及等效感应电场E、磁场H示意图. 第1行和第2行分别对应于图2(a)与图2(b)中的子超表面. 第1列和第3列是顶层DSMs阵列中的E_z分布, 第2列和第4列是底层金属板中的E_z分布. 第1列和第2列是v偏振入射波对应的E_z分布, 第3列和第4列是u偏振入射波对应的E_z分布. 第5列是等效感应电场E与等效感应磁场H的组合图. 其他参数与图2一致

Figure 3. Distributions of electric field E_z, flow direction of current I, and diagrams of the equivalent induced electric and magnetic fields at the resonant modes for the two sub-metasurfaces. The images from the 1^st and 2^nd rows correspond to the sub-metasurface in Fig. 2(a) and Fig. 2(b), respectively. The images from the 1^st and 3^rd columns show E_z distributions along the DSMs array at the top layer, and the 2^nd and 4^th columns show those on the metal ground at the bottom layer. The 1^st and 2^nd columns show those for the v-polarized incident wave, and the 3^rd and 4^th columns show those for the u-polarized incident wave. The 5^th column shows the combinational diagrams of the equivalent induced electric field and equivalent induced magnetic field. Here, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 复合超表面谐振模式处的电场分量E_z分布, 电流I流向以及等效感应电场E、磁场H示意图. 第1列和第3列是顶层DSMs阵列中的E_z分布, 第2列和第4列是底层金属板中的E_z分布. 第1列和第2列是v偏振入射波对应的E_z分布, 第3列和第4列是u偏振入射波对应的E_z分布. 第5列是等效感应电场E与等效感应磁场H的组合图. 其他参数与图2一致

Figure 4. Distributions of electric field E_z, flow direction of current I, and diagrams of the equivalent induced electric and magnetic fields at the resonant modes for the composite metasurface. The images from the 1^st and 3^rd columns show E_z distributions along the DSMs array at the top layer, and the 2^nd and 4^th columns show those on the metal ground at the bottom layer. The 1^st and 2^nd columns show those for the v-polarized incident wave, and the 3^rd and 4^th columns show those for the u-polarized incident wave. The 5^th column shows the combinational diagrams of the equivalent induced electric field and equivalent induced magnetic field. Here, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)当入射角$\chi $为$0^\circ $时, 偏振转换效率对偏振角$\varPsi $的依赖性; (b), (c)当偏振角$\varPsi $为$0^\circ $时, 偏振转换效率对入射角$\chi $的依赖性(b)入射波为TE波; (c)入射波为TM波. 其他参数与图2一致

Figure 5. (a) Dependence of PCR on the polarization angle $\varPsi $ when the incident angle $\chi $ is equal to $0^\circ $. Dependence of PCR on the incident angle $\chi $ for (b) TE wave and (c) TM wave when the polarization angle $\varPsi $ is $0^\circ $. Here, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

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图 6 (a)相应于y偏振垂直入射波的偏振转换效率对狄拉克半金属AlCuFe的费米能与入射波频率的依赖关系; 不同费米能和频率下, 狄拉克半金属AlCuFe的相对介电常数的实部(a₁)和虚部(a₂); (b)相应于y偏振垂直入射波的偏振转换效率对不同类型狄拉克半金属与入射波频率的依赖关系; 不同类型狄拉克半金属的相对介电常数的实部(b₁)和虚部(b₂). 其他参数与图2一致

Figure 6. (a) Dependence of PCR_y on the Fermi level E_F of AlCuFe and incident wave frequency for the normal incident wave polarized along y-axis; The real (a₁) and imaginary (a₂) parts of the relative permittivity of AlCuFe at different Fermi level E_F and different frequency. (b) Dependence of PCR_y on the different DSMs and incident wave frequency for the normal incident wave polarized along y-axis; The real (b₁) and imaginary (b₂) parts of the relative permittivity of the different DSMs and incident wave frequency. Here, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

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图 7 (a)沿y轴方向偏振的入射波在类法布里-珀罗谐振腔中的多重反射和透射过程, 其中$\tilde r$和$\tilde t$分别表示不同界面处的反射系数和透射系数, $\gamma $是入射角, $\alpha $是折射角. 偏振方向沿y轴且垂直入射情形下, 去耦合结构对应的部分散射参数的振幅(b)和相位(c), 以及结合狄拉克半金属AlCuFe的复合超表面对应的偏振转换效率的数值模拟与理论计算结果(d). 其他参数与图2一致

Figure 7. (a) Multiple reflection and transmission processes in a Fabry-Pérot-like resonance cavity for the incident wave polarized along y-axis, where $\tilde r$ and $\tilde t$ are respectively the reflection and transmission coefficients at different interfaces, $\gamma $ represents incident angle, $\alpha $ represents refractional angle. The amplitude (b) and phase (c) of the partial scattering parameters corresponding to the decoupling structure, as well as the numerically simulated and theoretically calculated PCR (d) corresponding to the composite metasurface combined with AlCuFe in the case of normal incident wave polarized along y-axis. Here, the other parameters are the same as in Fig. 2.

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[10]	Feng Y, Cao L, Zhang Y 2021 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 27 8500205
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[19]	Zhang Y P, Tian Y S, Zhang Y L, Dai L L, Liu S D, Zhang Y, Zhang H Y 2020 Opt. Commun. 477 126348 Google Scholar
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[24]	Xu K K, Xiao Z Y, Tang J Y 2017 Plasmonics 12 1869 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhong R B, Yang L, Liang Z K, Wu Z H, Wang Y Q, Ma A C, Fang Z, Liu S G 2020 Opt. Express 28 28773 Google Scholar
[26]	Wang Y, Wang Y, Li Q Y, Zhang Y, Yan S Y, Wang C H 2021 Opt. Express 29 26865 Google Scholar
[27]	Kotov O V, Lozovik Y E 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 235417 Google Scholar
[28]	Wang Y Q, Yi Y T, Xu D Y, Yi Z, Li Z Y, Chen X F, Jile H, Zhang J G, Zeng L C, Li G F 2021 Physica E 131 114750 Google Scholar
[29]	Liu G D, Zhai X, Meng H Y, Lin Q, Huang Y, Zhao C J, Wang L L 2018 Opt. Express 26 11471 Google Scholar
[30]	Luo J, Lin Q, Wang L L, Xia S X, Meng H Y, Zhai X 2019 Opt. Express 27 20165 Google Scholar
[31]	Meng H Y, Shang X J, Xue X X, Tang K Z, Xia S X, Zhai X, Liu Z R, Chen J H, Li H J, Wang L L 2019 Opt. Express 27 31062 Google Scholar
[32]	Timusk T, Carbotte J P, Homes C C, Basov D N, Sharapov S G 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 235121 Google Scholar
[33]	Zheng X X, Xiao Z Y, Ling X Y 2016 Opt. Quantum Electron. 48 461 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang H J, Liu Y, Liu Z Q, Liu X S, Liu G Q, Fu G L, Wang J Q, Shen Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 70 Google Scholar
[35]	Lin R, Lu F K, He X L, Jiang Z L, Liu C, Wang S Y, Kong Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 30357 Google Scholar
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[38]	Gandhi C, Babu P R, Senthilnathan K 2019 J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves 40 500 Google Scholar
[39]	Gao X, Singh L, Yang W L, Zheng J J, Li H O, Zhang W L 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 6817 Google Scholar
[40]	Jiang Y N, Wang L, Wang J, Akwuruoha C N, Cao W P 2017 Opt. Express 25 27616 Google Scholar
[41]	Gao X, Han X, Cao W P, Li H O, Ma H F, Cui T J 2015 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63 3522 Google Scholar
[42]	张建国, 田晋平, 李禄, 张丽娟 2020 量子光学学报 26 60 Zhang J G, Tian J P, Li L, Zhang L J 2020 J. Quantum Opt. 26 60
[43]	Zhang J G, Tian J P, Li L 2018 IEEE Photonics J 10 4800512
[44]	张建国 2020 博士学位论文 (太原: 山西大学) Zhang J G 2020 Ph. D. Dissertation (Taiyuan: Shanxi University) (in Chinese)
[45]	Meng W W, Que L C, Lv J, Zhang L W, Zhou Y, Jiang Y D 2019 Results Phys. 14 102461 Google Scholar
[46]	Grady N K, Heyes J E, Chowdhury D R, Zeng Y, Reiten M T, Azad A K, Taylor A J, Dalvit D A R, Chen H T 2013 Science 340 1304 Google Scholar
[47]	Jia Y T, Liu Y, Zhang W B, Wang J, Wang Y Z, Gong S X, Liao G S 2018 Opt. Mater. Express 8 597 Google Scholar
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Vol. 71, Issue 12 - 2022-06-20

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