Multi-branch erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb for measurement of cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Rao Bing-Jie; Zhang Pan; Li Ming-Kun; Yang Xi-Guang; Yan Lu-Lu; Chen Xin; Zhang Shou-Gang; Zhang Yan-Yan; Jiang Hai-Feng

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212162

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate an optical frequency comb (OFC) based on an erbium-doped-fiber femtosecond laser, for the measurement of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) with wavelengths of 1064, 1083, 1240, 1380, 1500, 1600, 1750 and 2100 nm. We adopt a multi-branch structure to produce high power at the specific wavelengths to meet the requirement for application in the spectral measurement. The OFC is developed by using a mode-locked fiber ring laser based on the nonlinear amplifying loop mirror mechanism. The laser is self-starting by introducing a nonreciprocal phase bias in the cavity and insensitive to the environmental perturbation. Using the chirped pulse amplification and highly nonlinear fibers, the broad spectra at the specific wavelengths are obtained. By optimizing the parameters of the pulses, the power of per mode at each target wavelength is greater than 300 nW.The f_rep is obtained by detecting the output of the femtosecond laser directly, while the f_ceo is detected by f-2f interference. The signal-to-noise ratio of the f_ceo is about 35 dB with a 300-kHz resolution bandwidth. By controlling the intra-cavity electro-optic modulator and piezoactuator , the f_rep is stabilized with high bandwidth and large range (about megahertz bandwidth and 3 kHz range). The f_ceo is stabilized by using feedback to the pump current of the femtosecond laser dynamically. The in-loop frequency instability degree of the f_ceo, evaluated by the Allan deviation, is approximately 4.95 × 10^–18/τ^1/2 at 1 s and integrates down to 10^–20 level after 2000 s, while that of the f_rep is well below 5.85 × 10^–13/τ. The all polarization-maintaining erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb with multi-application branches we demonstrate in this paper is efficient and reliable for many other applications including optical frequency metrology and optical atomic clocks.

Keywords:

erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb /
mode-locked laser /
spectral broaden /
spectroscopy measurement

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standards, National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
2.
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Division of Quantum Physics and Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Yan-Yan, zhangyanyan@ntsc.ac.cn ; Jiang Hai-Feng, hjiang1@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFA0309801), the Strategic Leader Category B of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB35030101), and the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shannxi Province, China (Grant No. 202-JQ-434).

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References

[1]	Hartl I, Schibli T R, Marcinkevicius A, Yost D C, Hudson D D, Fermann M E, Ye J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 2870 Google Scholar
[2]	Washburn B R, Diddams S A, Newbury N R, Nicholson J W, Yan M F, Jorgensen C G 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 250 Google Scholar
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[29]	Wang J, Sun Y R, Tao L G, Liu A W, Hua T P, Meng F, Hu S M 2017 Rev. Sci. Instrum 88 043108 Google Scholar
[30]	康鹏, 孙羽, 王进, 刘安雯, 胡水明 2018 物理学报 67 104206 Google Scholar Kang P, Sun Y, Wang J, Liu A W, Hu S M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 104206 Google Scholar
[31]	Zheng X, Sun Y R, Chen J J, Jiang W, Pachucki K, Hu S M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 263002 Google Scholar
[32]	谈艳, 王进, 陶雷刚, 孙羽, 刘安雯, 胡水明 2018 中国激光 45 0911002 Tan Y, Wang J, Tao L G, Sun Y, Liu A W, Hu S M 2018 Chin. J. Lasers 45 0911002 (in Chinese)
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[35]	张颜艳, 闫露露, 姜海峰, 张首刚 2017 时间频率学报 40 130 Google Scholar Zhang Y Y, Yan L L, Jiang H F, Zhang S G 2017 J. Time Freq. 40 130 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 多支路掺铒光纤飞秒光梳结构示意图, CO为准直器; λ/2, λ/8为1/2和1/8波片; FR为法拉第旋光器; PBS为偏振分光棱镜; EOM为电光晶体调制器; PZT为压电陶瓷; TWDM为反射式波分复用器; M为反射镜; HNLF为高非线性光纤; Coupler为光纤耦合器; PD为光电探测器; WDM为带隔离器的波分复用器; SYN为频率综合器; LF为环路滤波器; HVA为高压放大器

Figure 1. Multi-branch Er:fiber based femtosecond optical comb system. CO, collimator; λ/2, 1/2 waveplate; λ/8, 1/8 waveplate; FR, faraday rotator; PBS, polarization beam splitter; EOM, electronic optical modulator; PZT, piezoelectric ceramic transducer; M, mirror; HNLF, highly nonlinear fiber; PD, photodetector; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; SYN, synthesizer; LF, loop filter; HVA, high voltage amplifier.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 飞秒激光源输出特性　(a) 输出光谱; (b) 强度自相关曲线

Figure 2. Output parameter of femtosecond laser: (a) Measured spectrum; (b) autocorrelation curve of output pulse.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 载波包络相移频率和重复频率的探测和控制　(a) 倍频程光谱; (b) f_ceo频谱; (c)相位锁定后f_ceo环内频谱; (d) 环内频率控制稳定度

Figure 3. Detection and control of f_ceo and f_rep: (a) Measured octave-spanning spectrum; (b) RF spectrum of f_ceo; (c) in-loop RF spectrum of phase locked f_ceo; (d) in-loop frequency instability.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 各目标波长附近的光谱展宽分布　(a) 1064 nm; (b) 1083 nm; (c) 1240 nm; (d) 1380 nm; (e) 1500 nm; (f) 1600 nm; (g) 1750 nm; (h) 2100 nm

Figure 4. Observed supercontinuum spectrum near each target wavelength: (a) 1064 nm; (b) 1083 nm; (c) 1240 nm; (d) 1380 nm; (e) 1500 nm; (f) 1600 nm; (g) 1750 nm; (h) 2100 nm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Hartl I, Schibli T R, Marcinkevicius A, Yost D C, Hudson D D, Fermann M E, Ye J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 2870 Google Scholar
[2]	Washburn B R, Diddams S A, Newbury N R, Nicholson J W, Yan M F, Jorgensen C G 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 250 Google Scholar
[3]	Phillips C R, Langrock C, Pelc J S, Fejer M M, Jiang J, Fermann M E, Hartl I 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 3912 Google Scholar
[4]	Eckstein J N, Ferguson A I, Hansch T W 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 847 Google Scholar
[5]	Telle H R, Steinmeyer G, Dunlop A E, Stenger J, Sutter D H, Keller U 1999 Appl. Phys. B 69 327 Google Scholar
[6]	Morgner U, Kärtner F X, Cho S H, Chen Y, Haus H A, Fujimoto J G, Ippen E P, Scheuer V, Angelow G, Tschudi T 1999 Opt. Lett. 24 411 Google Scholar
[7]	Ell R, Morgner U, Kãârtner F X, Fujimoto J G, Ippen E P, Scheuer V, Angelow G, Tschudi T, Lederer M J, Boiko A 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 373 Google Scholar
[8]	Tauser F, Leitenstorfer A, Zinth W 2003 Opt. Express 11 594 Google Scholar
[9]	Holzwarth R, Zimmermann M, Udem T, Hänsch T W, Russbldt P, Gbel K, Poprawe R, Knight J C, Wadsworth W J, Russell P 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 1376 Google Scholar
[10]	Yan M, Li W X, Yang K W, Zhou H, Shen X L, Zhou Q, Ru Q T, Bai D B, Zeng H P 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 1511 Google Scholar
[11]	Stumpf M C, Pekarek S, Oehler A E H, Südmeyer T, Dudley J M, Keller U 2010 Appl. Phys. B 99 401 Google Scholar
[12]	Washburn B, Fox R, Newbury N, Nicholson J, Feder K, Westbrook P, Jørgensen C 2004 Opt. Express 12 4999 Google Scholar
[13]	Udem T, Reichert J, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W 1999 Opt. Lett. 24 881 Google Scholar
[14]	Ranka J K, Windeler R S and Stentz A J 2000 Opt. Lett. 25 25 Google Scholar
[15]	D J Jones, S A Diddams, J K Ranka, Stentz A, Windeler R S, Hall J L, Cundiff S T 2000 Science 288 635 Google Scholar
[16]	Steinmetz T, Wilken T, Araujo-Hauck C, Holzwarth R, Hänsch T W, Pasquini L, Manescau A, D'Odorico S, Murphy M T, Kentischer T, Schmidt W, Udem T 2008 Science 321 1335 Google Scholar
[17]	Kim S 2009 Nat. Photonics. 3 313 Google Scholar
[18]	Niering M, Holzwarth R, Reichert J, Pokasov P, Udem T, Weitz M, Hansch T W, Lemonde P, Santarelli G, Abgrall M, Laurent P, Salomon C, Clairon A 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5496 Google Scholar
[19]	O’Keefe A, Deacon D A G 1988 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59 2544 Google Scholar
[20]	Paul J B, Lapson L, Anderson J G 2001 Appl. Opt 40 4904 Google Scholar
[21]	Kassi S, Campargue A 2012 J. Chem. Phys. 137 234201 Google Scholar
[22]	Tan Y, Wang J, Cheng C F, Zhao X Q, Liu A W, Hu S M 2014 Mol. Spectrosc. 300 60 Google Scholar
[23]	饶冰洁, 张颜艳, 闫露露, 武跃龙, 张攀, 樊松涛, 郭文阁, 张晓斐, 张首刚, 姜海峰 2019 光子学报 48 0114003 Google Scholar Rao B J, Zhang Y Y, Yan L L, Wu Y L, Zhang P, Fan S T, Guo W G, Zhang X F, Zhang S G, Jiang H F 2019 Acta Photon. Sin. 48 0114003 Google Scholar
[24]	Pan H, Cheng C F, Sun Y R, Gao B, Liu A W, Hu S M 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 103110 Google Scholar
[25]	Gatti D, Sala T, Gotti R, Cocola L, Poletto L, Prevedelli M, Laporta P, Marangoni M 2015 J.Chem. Phys. 142 074201 Google Scholar
[26]	Martinez R Z, Metsala M, Vaittinen O, Lantta T, Halonen L 2006 Opt. Soc. Am. B 23 727 Google Scholar
[27]	Hodges J T, Layer H P, Miller W W, Scace G E 2004 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 849 Google Scholar
[28]	Cygan A, Lisak D, Maslowski P, Bielska K, Wojtewicz S, Domyslawska J, Trawinski R S, Ciurylo R, Abe H, Hodges J T 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 063107 Google Scholar
[29]	Wang J, Sun Y R, Tao L G, Liu A W, Hua T P, Meng F, Hu S M 2017 Rev. Sci. Instrum 88 043108 Google Scholar
[30]	康鹏, 孙羽, 王进, 刘安雯, 胡水明 2018 物理学报 67 104206 Google Scholar Kang P, Sun Y, Wang J, Liu A W, Hu S M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 104206 Google Scholar
[31]	Zheng X, Sun Y R, Chen J J, Jiang W, Pachucki K, Hu S M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 263002 Google Scholar
[32]	谈艳, 王进, 陶雷刚, 孙羽, 刘安雯, 胡水明 2018 中国激光 45 0911002 Tan Y, Wang J, Tao L G, Sun Y, Liu A W, Hu S M 2018 Chin. J. Lasers 45 0911002 (in Chinese)
[33]	Fan S T, Zhang Y Y, Yan L L, Guo W G, Zhang S G, Jiang H F 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 064204 Google Scholar
[34]	Ning K, Hou L, Fan S T, Yan L L, Zhang Y Y, Rao B J, Zhang X F, Zhang S G, Jiang H F 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 064202 Google Scholar
[35]	张颜艳, 闫露露, 姜海峰, 张首刚 2017 时间频率学报 40 130 Google Scholar Zhang Y Y, Yan L L, Jiang H F, Zhang S G 2017 J. Time Freq. 40 130 Google Scholar

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