Magnetic and loss characteristics of γ'-Fe4N soft magnetic composites

Wang Wen-Biao; Wu Peng; Qiao Liang; Wu Wei; Tu Cheng-Fa; Yang Sheng-Yu; Li Fa-Shen

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222352

Abstract

Soft magnetic composite materials are prepared by mixing magnetic materials and insulating materials, which possess both the excellent magnetism of magnetic materials and the low resistivity of insulating materials. They possess broad application prospects in emerging power electronics industries such as photovoltaic inverters, new energy vehicles, and charging stations. The third-generation high-frequency wide bandgap semiconductors, mainly composed of SiC and GaN, have the operating frequency of soft magnetic materials raised to MHz. However, current soft magnetic materials have significant core losses at high frequencies. Therefore, people are focus their attention on developing new soft magnetic composite materials to reduce iron core losses at high frequencies. In this paper, γ'-Fe₄N with high resistivity is prepared by nitriding carbonyl iron powders, showing its excellent soft magnetic properties, and the γ'-Fe₄N is ball-milled to become easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powder. Compared with the none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powders, the none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powders are spherical in shape, the easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powders exhibit a high aspect to thickness ratio in sheet shape. The obtained easy plane powders are mixed with polyurethane insulation to make the soft magnetic composite. There is a significant difference between the in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loop of the magnetostatic easy plane γ'-Fe₄N soft magnetic composite, and the in-plane hysteresis loop is more easily magnetized to saturation state. The degree of plane orientation is 98.46%. The fitting analysis results of the Jiles-Atherton model also prove its easy plane characteristic, and has higher effective permeability and lower power loss than the counterparts of the none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite that is not ball-milled. After loss separation, it is found that in a low frequency range, hysteresis loss is the main loss, while in a high frequency range, the excess loss will surpass the hysteresis loss, acting as the main loss, the magnetostatic easy plane γ'-Fe₄N soft magnetic composites material reduces hysteresis loss and excess loss. Comparing with similar soft magnetic composites, the eddy current effect in magnetic iron particles is reduced by nitriding process, and the magnetostatic easy plane γ'-Fe₄N soft magnetic composite has excellent high-frequency soft magnetic properties. Magnetostatic easy plane γ'-Fe₄N provides a new idea for the high-frequency application of soft magnetic composites matching the third generation wide bandgap semiconductors.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Magnetism, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: Qiao Liang, qiaoliang@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFB3501302), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51731001), and the State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization’s Key Research and Development Projects of China.

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References

[1]	Silveyra J M, Ferrara E, Huber D L, Monson T C 2018 Science 362 418 Google Scholar
[2]	Périgo E A, Weidenfeller B, Kollár P, Füzer J 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031301 Google Scholar
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图 1 γ'-Fe₄N复合物制备示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the preparation of γ'-Fe₄N composite.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 不同温度、时间下氮化产物的X射线衍射图

Figure 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of nitriding products synthesized under different temperatures and times.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 非易面γ'-Fe₄N颗粒的SEM图像; (b) 易面γ'-Fe₄N颗粒的SEM图像; (c) 单个易面γ'-Fe₄N颗粒侧面的SEM图像

Figure 3. (a) SEM image of none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N particles; (b) SEM image of easy plane γ'-Fe₄N particles; (c) SEM image of a single easy plane γ'-Fe₄N particle profile.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 磁滞回线的实测及J-A模型拟合结果　(a) 非易面γ'-Fe₄N粉末; (b) 易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物面内以及面外

Figure 4. Hysteresis loop measured and J-A model fitted: (a) None easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powder; (b) in-plane and out-of-plane of easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a) 易面和非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的磁谱实测结果; (b) 易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的磁谱拟合结果与实测结果; (c) 非易面 γ'-Fe₄N复合物的磁谱拟合结果及实测结果

Figure 5. (a) Magnetic spectrum measurement of easy plane and none plane γ'-Fe₄N composite; (b) magnetic spectrum measurement and fitting results of easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite; (c) magnetic spectrum measurement and fitting results of none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 B = 8 mT下易面和非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的损耗　(a) 总损耗; (b) 磁滞损耗; (c) 涡流损耗; (d) 剩余损耗; (e) 非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的损耗分离结果; (f) 易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的损耗分离结果

Figure 6. Losses of easy plane and none plane γ'-Fe₄N composite at B = 8 mT: (a) Total losses; (b) hysteresis losses; (c) eddy current losses; (d) residual losses; (e) depletion separation results of none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite; (f) depletion separation results of easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

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图 7 B = 8 mT下的损耗分离　(a) 易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物; (b) 非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物

Figure 7. Loss separation at B = 8 mT: (a) Easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite; (b) none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 P_cv = 500 kW/m³时, 易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的性能因子曲线

Figure 8. Performance factor curve of the easy-plane γ'-Fe₄N composite at P_cv = 500 kW/m³.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 非易面γ'-Fe₄N粉末及易面γ'-Fe₄N的J-A拟合参数

Table 1. J-A fitting parameters of none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N powder and easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

	非易面 γ'-Fe₄N	易面γ'-Fe₄N (面内)	易面γ'-Fe₄N (面外)
J-A拟合参数 a/10⁴	60.0	3.2	20.0
J-A拟合参数 k/10³	3.1	4.0	12.0
M_r/(emu·g^–1)	3.496	8.840	2.170
H_c/Oe	31.658	51.293	91.460

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 易面及非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物的磁谱拟合参数

Table 2. Magnetic spectral fitting parameters of easy plane γ'-Fe₄N and none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

	畴壁移动			畴内转动
	$ {\chi }_{{\rm{d}}0} $	$ {\omega }_{{\rm{d}}0}/10 $¹⁰	β/10¹⁰	$ {\chi }_{{\rm{s}}0} $	$ {\omega }_{{\rm{s}}0}/10 $¹⁰	$ \vartheta $
易面γ'-Fe₄N 复合物	6.0	0.3	5.8	4.7	0.7	1.2
非易面γ'-Fe₄N 复合物	5.8	4.0	10.0	3.7	1.3	1.5

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合材料和易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物损耗分离的拟合参数

Table 3. Simulated parameters for loss separation of none easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite and easy plane γ'-Fe₄N composite.

	P_hyst/(kW·m^–3)		P_eddy/(kW·m^–3)		P_ex/(kW·m^–3)
	c_hyst	h	$ {c}_{{\rm{e}}{\rm{d}}{\rm{d}}{\rm{y}}}^{{\rm{i}}{\rm{n}}{\rm{t}}{\rm{e}}{\rm{r}}} $/10^–10	$ {c}_{{\rm{e}}{\rm{d}}{\rm{d}}{\rm{y}}}^{{\rm{i}}{\rm{n}}{\rm{t}}{\rm{r}}{\rm{a}}} $/10^–6	c_exc	x	y
非易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物	3.6383	2.1652	9.24	0.424	1.1965	2.1431	1.0731
易面γ'-Fe₄N复合物	5.3096	2.3315	5.00	1.412	0.027678	2.1479	1.3235

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 不同软磁材料的功率损耗对比^[27-31]

Table 4. Comparison of power loss of different soft magnetic materials^[27-31].

	P_cv/(kW·m^–3)	PF/(T·kHz)	Ref.
This work	235.06 (1000 kHz, 10 mT)	10	—
Fe-Si-Al power	270 (50 kHz, 10 mT)	0.5	[27]
FeNiMo/SiO₂	217.3 (50 kHz, 50 mT)	2.5	[28]
FeNiMo/Al₂O₃	321.78 (50 kHz, 100 mT)	5	[29]
Fe/NiZn	199.3 (100 kHz, 20 mT)	2	[30]
Fe/Co₂Z	380 (590 kHz, 5 mT)	2.95	[31]

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Silveyra J M, Ferrara E, Huber D L, Monson T C 2018 Science 362 418 Google Scholar
[2]	Périgo E A, Weidenfeller B, Kollár P, Füzer J 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031301 Google Scholar
[3]	孙忠巍 2013 硕士学位论文 (北京: 北京工业大学) Sun Z W 2013 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Beijing University of Technology) (in Chinese)
[4]	Shirane G, Takei W J, Ruby S L 1962 Phys. Rev. 126 49 Google Scholar
[5]	Peng X, Yu S, Chang J, Ge M, Li J, Ellis T, Yang Y, Xu J, Hong B, Jin D, Jin H, Wang X, Ge H 2020 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 500 166407 Google Scholar
[6]	Wu X L, Zhong W, Jiang H Y, Tang N J, Zou W Q, Du Y W 2004 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 281 77 Google Scholar
[7]	Wallace W E, Huang M Q 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 76 6648 Google Scholar
[8]	Kim T K, Takahashi M 1972 Appl. Phys. Lett. 20 492 Google Scholar
[9]	Coey J M D, Smith P A I 1999 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 200 405 Google Scholar
[10]	成泰民, 孙腾, 张龙燕, 张新欣, 朱林, 李林 2015 物理学报 64 156301 Google Scholar Cheng T M, Sun T, Zhang L Y, Zhang X X, Zhu L, Li L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 156301 Google Scholar
[11]	李贞, 李庆民, 李长云, 孙秋芹, 娄杰 2011 中国电机工程学报 31 124 Li Z, Li Q M, Li C Y, Sun Q Q, Lou J 2011 Proceed. CSEE 31 124
[12]	Yu M J, Xu Y, Mao Q, Li F, Wang C 2016 J. Alloys Compd. 656 362 Google Scholar
[13]	瞿志学, 王群, 孙忠巍, 潘伟 2013 稀有金属材料与工程 42 126 Google Scholar Qu Z X, Wang Q, Sun Z W, Pan W 2013 Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 42 126 Google Scholar
[14]	Narahara A, Ito K, Suemasu T, Takahashi Y K, Ranajikanth A, Hono K 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 202502 Google Scholar
[15]	卢启海, 唐晓莉, 宋玉哲, 左显维, 韩根亮, 闫鹏勋, 刘维民 2019 物理学报 68 118101 Lu Q H, Tang X L, Song Y Z, Zuo X W, Han G L, Yan P X, Liu W M 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 118101
[16]	薛德胜, 陈子瑜, 李发伸 1996 兰州大学学报(自然科学版) 32 49 Xue D S, Chen Z Y, Li F S 1996 J. Lanzhou Univ. (Natural Sciences) 32 49
[17]	Zhao Z J, Xue D S, Li F S 2001 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 232 155 Google Scholar
[18]	薛德胜, 李发伸 1997 中国科学(A辑) 27 275 Xue D S, Li F S 1997 Sci. China (Ser. A) 27 275
[19]	Zhang C, Liu X, Li M, Liu C, Li H, Meng X, Rehman K M U 2017 J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29 1254
[20]	王国武 2013 博士学位论文 (兰州: 兰州大学) Wang G W 2022 Ph. D. Dissertation (Lanzhou: Lanzhou University) (in Chinese)
[21]	Wu P, Zhang Y D, Hao H B, Qiao L, Liu X, Wang T, Li F S 2022 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 549 168962 Google Scholar
[22]	Takanori Tsutaoka 2003 J. Appl. Phys. 93 2789 Google Scholar
[23]	Kollár P, Vojtek V, Birčáková Z, Füzer J, Fáberová M, Bureš R 2014 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 353 65 Google Scholar
[24]	Taghvaei A H, Shokrollahi H, Janghorban K 2009 Mater. Des. 30 3989 Google Scholar
[25]	Taghvaei A H, Ebrahimi A, Gheisari K 2010 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322 3748 Google Scholar
[26]	Chiriac H 2003 IEEE Trans. Magn. 39 3040 Google Scholar
[27]	Liu H J, Su H L, Geng W B, Sun Z G, Song T T, Tong X C, Zou Z Q, Wu Y C, Du Y W 2016 J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 29 463 Google Scholar
[28]	熊政伟, 杨江, 王雨, 杨陆, 管弦, 曹林洪, 王进, 高志鹏 2022 物理学报 71 157502 Google Scholar Xiong Z W, Yang J, Wang Y, Yang L, Guan X, Cao L H, Wang J, Gao Z P 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 157502 Google Scholar
[29]	Yao Z, Peng Y, Xia C, Yi X, Mao S, Zhang M 2020 J. Alloys Compd. 827 154345 Google Scholar
[30]	Peng Y, Yi Y, Li L, Ai H, Wang X, Chen L 2017 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 428 148 Google Scholar
[31]	Liu J H, Peng X L, Hong B, Xu J C, Han Y B, Li J, Ge H L, Yang Y T, Wang X Q 2021 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 532 167994 Google Scholar

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Magnetic and loss characteristics of γ'-Fe₄N soft magnetic composites

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Corresponding author: Qiao Liang, qiaoliang@lzu.edu.cn

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