Picoscale structure of functional materials constructed by functional units

Xiao Dong-Dong; Gu Lin

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230045

Abstract

Structure design and performance regulation of functional materials are the cutting-edge hot topic in the field of materials science and condensed mater physics. Constructing hierarchical structures with functional units recently has become a new paradigm to improve the functionality of functional materials and explore new physical phenomena. Understanding the origin of physical properties of functional materials constructed by functional units requires us to precisely characterize the structure, configuration and spatial patterns of functional units, and their couplings. Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy has proven to be powerful in revealing the atomic structure, chemistry and electronic configuration of the functional materials with low symmetry and complex compositions, which provides a new avenue to reveal the functional units and their spatial patterns with high precision from different aspects and finally establish the structure-propertys relationship. In this paper, we summarize the inherent characteristics of typical functional units with different sizes, and the hierarchical structures constructed by functional units at the picoscale, by which the relationship between structures and functionality is revealed. The breakthrough and development of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy lays a solid foundation for understanding the origin of functionality of new materials constructed by functional units.

Keywords:

functional materials /
functional units /
aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy /
picoscale

Authors and contacts

Xiao Dong-Dong^1,3,
Gu Lin^1,2,3

1.
Laboratory of Advanced Materials & Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Gu Lin, l.gu@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant No. Z190010).

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Cited By

图 1 氧八面体功能基元旋转与原子尺度成像^[49,57]　(a), (b)分别为La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃/NdGaO₃和La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃/SrTiO₃ (9 uc)/NdGaO₃界面的原子分辨环形明场像^[49]; (c) CaTiO₃ (111)薄膜沿[1$ \stackrel{-}{1} $0]带轴的环形明场像; (d) 利用深度神经网络分析图(c)所得到的CaTiO₃薄膜中氧八面体旋转模式分布图; (e) CaTiO₃薄膜中每个单胞的极化矢量分布^[57]

Figure 1. Oxygen octahedral rotation and atomic resolution imaging^[49,57]: (a), (b) Atomic resolution annular bright-ﬁeld scanning transmission electron microscopy (ABF-STEM) images of La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃/NdGaO₃ and La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃/SrTiO₃ (9 uc)/NdGaO₃ heterostructures, respectively^[49]; (c) atomic resolution ABF-STEM image of CaTiO₃ (111) films along the [1$ \stackrel{-}{1} $0] zone axis; (d) oxygen octahedral rotation map obtained by deep neural network analysis of the sample regions in (c); (e) polarization vectors for each unit cell of CaTiO₃ films ^[57].

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图 2 不同铁电极化畴组态的原子结构^[7,9,77,79]　(a) BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃-SrTiO₃薄膜[010]带轴的原子分辨高角环形暗场像, 黄色虚线勾画了纳米尺度铁电畴, 区域I、II、III分别为菱方相、四方相和两相界面^[9]; (b) (K, Na)NbO₃ (KNN)沿[110]方向衬度反转的环形明场像, O、R、T分别代表正交晶系、菱方晶系和四方晶系, 虚线区域标示了从R相到O相再到T相的极化旋转^[7]; (c) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃铁电多层薄膜中通量全闭合畴原子结构, 绿色和蓝色虚线表示90°畴壁, 红色虚线表示180°畴壁^[77]; (d) PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃超晶格中长程有序排列的涡旋畴^[79]. 图中所有箭头表示极化位移矢量

Figure 2. Atomic structure of different domain configurations^[7,9,77,79]: (a) Atomic resolution high angle annular dark field (HAADF)-STEM image of BiFeO₃-BaTiO₃-SrTiO₃ film along the [010] direction, wherein the yellow dashed lines delineate the nanodomains, Region I, II, III are rhombohedral, tetragonal domain and interface between them, respectively^[9]; (b) contrast-reversed ABF-STEM image of (K, Na)NbO₃ (KNN) along [110] zone axis, O, R, and T indicate orthorhombic, rhombohedral and tetragonal phase, respectively. dashed lines regions highlighted by dash line show polarization rotation from R to O to T^[7]; (c) atomic structure of flux-closure domain in the PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ superlattice, the green and blue dashed lines indicate the 90° domain walls, the red dashed lines indicate the 180° domain walls^[77]; (d) long-range ordered vortex-antivortex arrays in the PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ superlattice^[79]. All of arrows indicate the polar displacement vector.

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图 3 典型晶相功能基元构筑的功能氧化物材料原子结构^{[15, 90, 95]}　(a) LuFe₂O₄(左上)和LuFeO₃(右上)的晶体结构、原子分辨高角环形暗场像以及由两者构筑的(LuFeO₃)_m/(LuFe₂O₄)₁(6 ≤ m ≤ 10)超晶格^[15]; (b) (SrRuO₃)₁/(BaTiO₃)₁₀超晶格原子结构以及极化矢量分布(左图), 其中箭头表示钙钛矿B位原子相对于氧八面体中心的位移, 右图为垂直于超晶格界面方向钙钛矿A位和B位原子的衬度曲线^[90]; (c) Li_1.2Mn_0.567Ni_0.166Co_0.067O₂正极材料同一区域沿[$1\bar10 $]_rh带轴的高角环形暗场像(左图)和环形明场像(右图), 其中P, R分别表示单斜的类Li₂MnO₃结构平行四边形和矩形对称性, 右图中的结构模型表示交互生长的两相和异质界面的原子排列^[95]

Figure 3. Atomic structure of functional oxide materials constructed by typical crystal phases^{[15, 90, 95]}: (a) Crystal structure and atomic resolution HAADF-STEM images of LuFe₂O₄ (top left) and LuFeO₃ (top right), (LuFeO₃)_m/(LuFe₂O₄)₁ superlattice series for 6 ≤ m ≤ 10^[15]; (b) superlattice atomic structure of (SrRuO₃)₁/(BaTiO₃)₁₀ with an overlay of the polar vectors (left), yellow arrows represent the displacement of the B-site from the mass center of oxygen octahedron in perovskite, and STEM intensity proﬁles of A-site and B-site atoms in perovskite across superlattice interface of BaTiO₃/SrRuO₃ (right)^[90]. (c) HAADF (left) and ABF-STEM (right) images of the intergrowth two-phase and hetero-interface in the same region along the [$1 \bar1 0 $]_rh zone axis, wherein P and R indicate parallelogram and rectangular symmetry of the monoclinic Li₂MnO₃-like structure and inserted image in the right image shows the intergrowth two-phase and hetero-interface atomic arrangements^[95].

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表 1 皮米尺度像差校正透射电子显微学成像技术比较

Table 1. Comparison of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy imaging techniques at the picoscale.

成像技术	空间分辨率/pm	测量精度/pm	样品厚度/nm	所需条件	特点
出射波重构	80^[30]	3 <σ<10^[31]	< 10	重构软件	同时获取振幅和相位信息
负球差成像	57^[32]	σ <1^[33]	< 5	负球差系数	对轻元素敏感
高角环形暗场成像	40.5^[34]	σ<1^[27]	< 50	环形探测器	对重元素敏感
环形明场成像	44.4^[35]	1.5 <σ <3.8^[36]	< 50	环形探测器	对轻元素敏感
积分差分相位衬度成像	63^[37]	0.97 <σ <2.3^[33]	< 50	四象限探测器	对轻元素敏感、低剂量
电子叠层衍射成像	23^[38]	σ < 1^{[38, 39]}	< 50	高速探测器、特定算法	深亚埃分辨、低剂量

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