Biomedical microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging

Wang Yu; Zhang Hui-Min; Qin Huan

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230732

Abstract

Microwave thermoacoustic imaging (MTAI) is an exciting imaging technique rooted from the underlying principle of exploiting the distinct electrical properties of biological tissues. By using short-pulsed microwaves as a stimulation source and their interaction with the human body, MTAI has paved the way for revolutionary advancements in medical imaging. When microwaves are absorbed by polar molecules and ions within the tissues, an ingenious thermoelastic effect gives rise to ultrasound waves. These ultrasound waves, brimming with invaluable pathological and physiological insights, propagate outward, carrying the essence of the composition and functionality of biological tissue. Through a meticulous collection of ultrasound signals from all directions surrounding the tissue, it becomes possible to reconstruct intricate internal structures and visualize the tissue's functional dynamics. The MTAI excels in non-invasiveness, capable of delving several centimeters beneath the surface with a microscopic resolution on the order of micrometers. The magic lies in converting microwave energy into ultrasound waves, entering into the hidden depths of tissues without causing harm. This groundbreaking imaging modality unlocks a realm of possibilities for acquiring profound insights into the intricate structures and functionality of deep-seated tissues. Furthermore, the inherent polarization characteristics of microwaves empower MTAI to capture additional dimensions of information, unraveling the intricate polarization properties and illuminating a richer understanding of the tissue's complexity. The great potential of MTAI extends far and wide within the medicine field. It has made remarkable achievements in non-invasive imaging of brain structures, screening breast tumors, visualizing human arthritis, and detecting liver fat content. These accomplishments have laid a solid foundation, firmly establishing MTAI as a trailblazing medical imaging technique. The present study offers a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the physical principles underpinning MTAI, the sophisticated system devices involved, and the recent groundbreaking research breakthroughs. Moreover, it delves into the exciting prospects and challenges that lie ahead in the future development of MTAI. As the technology continues to progress by leaps and bounds, MTAI is ready to break down barriers, and usher in a new era of unmatched imaging quality and performance. This, in turn, will open the floodgates for transformative innovations and applications in medical diagnosis and treatment. The anticipation is palpable as MTAI strives to make substantial contributions to the ever-developing medical imaging field, bestowing upon humanity more accurate, reliable, and life-enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Ministry of Education,South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
2.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
3.
Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
4.
College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

Corresponding author: Qin Huan, qinghuan@scnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62075066), the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2023A1515010824), and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (Grant No. 202201010718).

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Cited By

图 1 热声效应示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of TA effect.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 微波热声信号延时叠加算法示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the thermoacoustic signal delay superposition algorithm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 微波热声成像技术典型实现方案　(a)微波乳腺热声成像一体化探头装置图^[16]; (b)微波热声脑成像装置图^[15]; (c)微波乳腺热声成像装置^[66]; (d)微波热声关节成像装置图^[17]

Figure 3. Typical implementation scheme of microwave thermoacoustic imaging technology: (a) Microwave-induced breast thermoacoustic imaging integrated probe device^[16]; (b) diagram of a Microwave-induced brain thermoacoustic imaging device^[15]; (c) microwave-induced breast thermoacoustic imaging system^[66]; (d) microwave-induced thermoacoustic joint imaging device^[17].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 微波热声成像乳腺成像　(a) Kruger等^[74]的乳腺成像图; (b) 微波热声乳腺成像实操图^[16]; (c) 乳房的解剖结构示意图^[16]; (d) 覃欢团队^[16]乳腺成像图

Figure 4. MTAI breast imaging: (a) Kruger et al.^[74] breast imaging; (b) microwave thermoacoustic breast imaging actual operation diagram^[16]; (c) anatomical diagram of the breast^[16]; (d) breast imaging of Professor Qin Huan’s team^[16].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 微波热声脑成像^[15]　(a) 两只新生小鼠脑出血的热声图像及出血区域标注(白色区域); (b) 脑出血组织切片与相应热声图像对照

Figure 5. MTAI brain imaging^[15]: (a) MTAI image and bleeding area (white area) of cerebral hemorrhage in two newborn mice; (b) comparison of cerebral hemorrhage tissue slices with corresponding MTAI images.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 受试者中指的热声图像 (T0-T30)和MRI (M2-M30)的比较^[17]

Figure 6. Comparison of MTAI (T0-T30) and MRI (M2-M30) of subjects’ middle fingers^[17].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 偏振微波热声心梗模型成像^[93]　(a) 偏振微波热声成像系统的示意图和用于计算异质性参数(DOMA)的偏振微波热声成像机制; (b) 超声图像及相应的DOMA图像

Figure 7. P-MTAI myocardial infarction model detection^[93]: (a) Schematic diagram of the P-MTAI imaging system and the P-MTAI mechanism used to calculate DOMA; (b) ultrasonic images and corresponding DOMA images.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 微波源各参数对成像影响

Table 1. Influence of various parameters of microwave source on imaging.

成像影响	微波源参数
分辨率	脉冲宽度、脉冲波形
信噪比	脉冲重复频率、脉冲能量强度
对比度	中心频率、脉冲能量强度
成像深度	中心频率、脉冲能量强度

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 主要脑组织在3.05 GHz下的电导率^[15]

Table 2. Conductivity property of major brain tissues at 3.05 GHz^[15].

物质	电导率/(S·m^–1)
脑灰质	2.2588
脑白质	1.5393
血液	3.0991
脑脊液	4.0592
小脑	2.5189
血管壁	1.8444
硬膜	2.0485
脊髓	1.3530

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 关节各组织在3 GHz下的电导率和介电常数^[85]

Table 3. Conductivity and permittivity of each tissue of the joint at 3 GHz^[85].

物质	相对介电常数	电导率/(S·m^–1)
肌腱/韧带	42.13	2.17
软骨	37.61	2.21
骨松质	17.94	1.01

DownLoad: CSV

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