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In this paper, an asymmetric transmission scheme is proposed by cascading an acousto-optic device and a coupled whispering gallery mode (WGM) microsphere cavity, and it is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. With the acousto-optic interaction in a fiber, the vector modes of the fundamental core mode can be converted into the different vector modes of a cladding (linear polarization, LP) mode, and because of the optical path difference between the cladding vector modes, the polarization of the cladding mode will be changed. The cladding mode can be converted back into the core fundamental mode by coupling a WGM microcavity. By calculating the overlapping of the mode fields in the tapered fiber and the microcavity at the resonance wavelength, the coupling coefficients between different LP modes and WGM will be solved. And, the transmitivities and conversion coefficients of the two fiber modes can be obtained on condition that the polarization of the incident light does not coincide with the polarization orientation of the WGM. The transmission spectra of the coupled WGM microcavity are calculated by using Matlab program for eight states, including the states at different incident directions, different incident polarizations of input, whether the acoustic wave is on or off. The results show that the conversion coefficient from the cladding mode to the core mode is completely different from that of the contrary process when the acoustic wave is working. And the forward incident light and backward incident light have completely different transmission characteristics, thus resulting in the asymmetric transmission. The transmittances of forward incidence and reverse incidence at different polarizations are also studied, both of them change periodically with the polarization angle, and their phase difference is equal to the polarization change caused by acousto-optic interaction in the fiber. In the experiment, a two-stage tapered fiber is used to realize the acousto-optic interaction and the coupling of whispering gallery mode at the same time. By controlling the working states of the system, the same 8 states as in the calculation are studied experimentally. The results show that due to the polarization-selection effect of the WGM, the light energy incident from the opposite directions will show different transmission characteristics. While the forward transmittance reaches a maximum value of about 0.505, the reverse transmittance reaches a minimum value of about 0.010, and the transmission isolation reaches about 17 dB. The transmittances in two directions are measured at different incident polarization angles, the transmission isolation is analyzed, and the polarization change of cladding mode in the fiber is verified to be about
${80^ \circ }$ . The measured results coincide with the calculations from the developed theory well. Finally, the shortcomings and optimization method of the scheme are discussed. The asymmetric transmission scheme in this paper inherits the advantages of rapid response and good tuning of acousto-optic device, and has an all-fiber structure, which has important application potential in optical switch and isolator.-
Keywords:
- asymmetric transmission /
- acousto-optic effect /
- whispering gallery mode microcavity /
- mode conversion
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图 1 非对称传输原理示意图. Polarizer, 可调谐线性偏振滤波器; Horn, 声波耦合使用角锥; PZT, 压电陶瓷片; Input, 入射光; LP01, 线偏纤芯基模; LP11, 线偏包层模式; TE01, TM01为一阶横电、横磁模式; WGM, 回音壁模式; PD, 光探测器; AO effect area, 声光效应区; C-WGM area, 耦合回音壁微腔区; ${\kappa _0}$, 回音壁模式的本征损耗; ${\kappa _1}$, LP01与回音壁模式的耦合损耗; ${\kappa _2}$, LP11与回音壁模式的耦合损耗
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of asymmetric transmission principle. Polarizer, tunable linear polarization filter; Horn, the corner cone for sonic coupling; PZT, piezoelectric ceramics; Input, input light; LP01, liner polarization mode in the fiber core; LP11, liner polarization mode in the fiber cladding; TE01 and TM01, first order transverse electric mode and transverse magnetic mode; WGM, whispering gallery mode cavity; PD, photodetector; AO effect area, the acousto-optic effect area; C-WGM area, coupling the WGM cavity area. ${\kappa _0}$, the intrinsic loss of WGM; $ {\kappa _1} $, the coupling loss between the LP01 and the WGM; ${\kappa _2}$, the coupling loss between the LP11 and the WGM.
图 2 两入射方向传输归一化透射率, “F”和“B”分别指代正向和反向传输的情况; “on”(红线)和“off”(黑线)分别指代有无光效应时的情况, 角度表示入射光偏振与回音壁模式偏振取向间的夹角$\varphi $
Figure 2. Transmission of the two directions. “F” and “B” refer to the cases of forward and backward transmission respectively; “on” (red line) and “off” (black line) represent the situations of with and without the acousto-optic effect respectively; the angle ($\varphi $) is determined by the angle between the polarization directions of the input light and the WGM.
图 3 两个入射方向透射强度随入射偏振角度$\varphi $的变化情况
Figure 3. Transmission of the two directions over the incident polarization angle $\varphi $.
图 4 不同驱动频率下声光效应实现的基模滤波(转换)透射谱
Figure 4. LP01 mode filtering (conversion) effect achieved by acousto-optic effect at different pump frequencies.
图 5 有无声光效应时系统的透射谱
Figure 5. Transmissions of the system with and without acousto-optic effect.
图 6 不同情况下的传输透射谱
Figure 6. Transmissions at different states.
图 7 两方向透射率随偏振变化
Figure 7. Transmission of the two directions varies with polarization.
图 8 两方向透射率随偏振变化
Figure 8. Transmission of the two directions varies with polarization.
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[1] Fujii Y, Member S 1991 J. Lightwave Technol. 9 1238
Google Scholar
[2] Li Z, Zhang J J, Zhi Y Y, Li L Z, Liao B L, Yao J P 2022 Commun. Phys. 5 332
Google Scholar
[3] Jalas D, Petrov A, Eich M, et al. 2013 Nat. Photon. 7 579
Google Scholar
[4] Bi L, Hu J J, Jiang P, Kim D H, Dionne G F, Kimerling L C, Ross C A 2011 Nat. Photon. 5 758
Google Scholar
[5] Cakmakyapan S, Serebryannikov A E, Caglayan H, Ozbay E 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2597
Google Scholar
[6] Cakmakyapan S, Serebryannikov A E, Caglayan H, Ozbay E 2012 Opt. Express 20 26636
Google Scholar
[7] Cicek A, Yucel M B, Kaya O A, Ulug B 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 2937
Google Scholar
[8] Xu T, Lezec H J 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4141
Google Scholar
[9] Zhu Z H, Liu K, Xu W, Luo Z, Guo C C, Yang B, Ma T, Yuan X D, Ye W M 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4008
Google Scholar
[10] Mutlu M, Akosman A E, Serebryannikov A E, Ozbay E 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 213905
Google Scholar
[11] Chang L, Jiang X, Hua S, Yang C, Wen J, Jiang L, Li G, Wang G, Xiao M 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 524
Google Scholar
[12] Dong C H, Shen Z, Zou C L, Zhang Y L, Fu W, Guo G C 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6193
Google Scholar
[13] Huang X Y, Liu Y C 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 023703
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang W, Huang L, Gao F, Bo F, Zhang G, Xu J 2013 Opt. Express 21 16621
Google Scholar
[15] Lu J F, Meng L H, Shi F, et al. 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 5841
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang W D, Huang L G, Gao F, Bo F, Xuan L, Zhang G Q, Xu J J 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 1241
Google Scholar
[17] Kim B Y, Blake J N, Engan H E, Shaw H J 1986 Opt. Lett. 11 389
Google Scholar
[18] Zhu Y, Guo A B, Xu J T, Zhang Z W, Pang F F, Zhang W J, Zeng X L, Sun J F 2023 Nanophotonics 12 3229
Google Scholar
[19] Huang L G, Zhang W D, Li Y J, Han H N, Li X T, Chang P F, Gao F, Zhang G Q, Gao L, Zhu T 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 5431
Google Scholar
[20] Huang L G, Zheng B W, Liu S L, et al. 2022 J. Lightwave Technol. 40 7396
Google Scholar
[21] Zhang W D, Li X, Zhang L, Huang L G, Lu F F, Gao F 2020 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26 4
Google Scholar
[22] Lu J F, Shi F, Xu J T, Meng L H, Zhang L K, Cheng P K, Zhou X, Pang F F, Zeng X L 2021 Nanophotonics 10 983
Google Scholar
[23] Huang L G, Liu S L, Zhang C Z, Zhao Y X, Dang L Y, Gao L, Huang W, Yin G L, Zhu T 2023 Opt. Express 31 21253
Google Scholar
[24] Bianucci P, Fietz C R, Robertson J W, Shvets G, Shih C K 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 2224
Google Scholar
[25] Luo L W, Ophir N, Chen C P, Gabrielli L H, Poitras C B, Bergmen K, Lipson M 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3069
Google Scholar
[26] Monifi F, Friedlein J, Ozdemir S K, Yang L 2012 J. Lightwave Technol. 30 3306
Google Scholar
[27] Huang L G, Wang J, Peng W H, et al. 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 638
Google Scholar
[28] Li X T, Chang P F, Huang L G, Gao F, Zhang W D, Bo F, Zhang G Q, Xu J J 2018 Phys. Rev. A 98 053814
Google Scholar
[29] Li B B, Xiao Y F, Zou C L, Liu Y C, Jiang X F, Chen Y L, Li Y, Gong Q H 2011 App. Phys. Lett. 98 021116
Google Scholar
[30] Chang P F, Cao B T, Huang L G, et al. 2020 Sci. China Phys, Mech. 63 214211
Google Scholar
[31] Chang P F, Cao B T, Gao F, et al. 2019 App. Phys. Lett. 115 211104
Google Scholar
[32] Wang C, Zhang M, Stern B, Lipson M, Lončar M 2018 Opt. Express 26 1547
Google Scholar
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