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Lithium-oxygen batteries stand out among post-lithium-ion batteries due to their theoretically high energy density, while the sluggish reaction kinetics of lithium peroxide reduces the rate performance of the batteries. Therefore, improving the reaction kinetics of the lithium peroxide and then lowering the charge overpotential are of great importance for realizing reversible lithium-oxygen batteries with high energy density. In this work, the catalytic mechanism of graphene oxide (GO) and boron-doped graphene oxide (BGO) on the oxygen evolution reaction of (Li2O2)2 cluster is investigated by first-principles calculations. The results show that the charge transfer from (Li2O2)2 cluster to GO and from (Li2O2)2 cluster to BGO are 0.59e and 0.96e, respectively, suggests that B doping improves the charge transfer from the discharged product to the cathode material. The Gibbs free energy of the 4-electron decomposition process shows that the (Li2O2)2 cluster favors the Li-O2-Li decomposition pathway, and the rate-determining step for the reaction on both GO and BGO is the third step, that is, the removal of the third lithium. At the equilibrium potential, the charge overpotential of GO and BGO are 0.76 V and 0.23 V, respectively, showing that B doping greatly reduces the charging overpotential of lithium-oxygen batteries. Moreover, mechanistic analysis shows that B doping enhances the electronic conductance of GO and forms an electron-deficient active center, which facilitates charge transport in cathode and charge transfer from lithium peroxide to cathode materials, thereby reducing the charging overpotential of the lithium-oxygen batteries and improving its cycling performance. The B and O play a synergistic role in catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction of (Li2O2)2 clusters.
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Keywords:
- lithium-oxygen batteries /
- oxygen evolution reaction /
- B-doped graphene oxide /
- first-principles
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图 1 氧化石墨烯和硼掺杂氧化石墨烯的几何结构和电子性质 (a), (b)几何结构, 灰色、红色和粉色小球分别代表C, O和B原子; (c), (d)电子性质, C1, C2和C3与结构图中相一致, 图中插入的是总态密度
Figure 1. Geometric structure and electronic properties of oxide graphene (GO) and B doped oxide graphene (BGO): (a), (b) Geometric structures, grey, red and pink balls represent the C, O and B atoms, respectively; (c), (d) electronic properties, C1, C2 and C3 are consistent with those in the geometric structures, the insert is total density of states (TDOS).
图 2 氧化石墨烯和硼掺杂氧化石墨烯的电荷密度差分和电子局域密度 (a), (b)电荷密度差分, 黄色和蓝色区域分别表示电荷聚积和电荷消失, 电荷等值面为0.004 e/Å3; (c), (d) 局域电荷密度, 从红色到蓝色表示电子由多到少
Figure 2. Charge density difference and electron localization function (ELF) of GO and BGO: (a), (b) Charge density difference, yellow and blue indicate the gain and the loss of electrons, and the isosurface value is 0.004 e/Å3; (c), (d) electron localization function, red to blue indicates more to less electrons.
图 3 (Li2O2)2团簇在氧化石墨烯(a)和硼掺杂氧化石墨烯(b)上吸附的俯视图和侧视图以及电荷转移, 箭头表示电荷转移方向, 青色和绿色分别代表(Li2O2)2团簇的O原子和Li原子
Figure 3. Top view and side view of (Li2O2)2 cluster adsorbed on the GO (a) and BGO catalysts (b) along with the charge transfer, arrows indicate the direction of charge transfer. The cyan and green represent the O and Li atoms in the (Li2O2)2 cluster, respectively.
图 4 (Li2O2)2团簇在氧化石墨烯(a)和硼掺杂氧化石墨烯(b)上吸附的电子结构, 图中插入的是总态密度, O1和O2分别代表(Li2O2)2团簇和催化剂上的O
Figure 4. Electronic structures of (Li2O2)2 cluster adsorbed on the GO (a) and BGO catalysts, the insert is total density of states (TDOS). O1 and O2 represent O on (Li2O2)2 cluster and catalysts, respectively.
图 5 (Li2O2)2团簇在GO (a)和BGO (b)上按照Li-Li-O2路径解离的俯视图和侧视图, 以及相应的吉布斯自由能曲线(c), (d)
Figure 5. Top view and side view of (Li2O2)2 cluster dissociation on GO (a) and BGO (b) following the Li-Li-O2 pathway, and the corresponding Gibbs free energy profiles (c), (d).
图 6 (Li2O2)2团簇在GO(a)和BGO(b)上按照Li-O2-Li路径解离的俯视图和侧视图, 以及相应的吉布斯自由能曲线(c), (d)
Figure 6. Top view and side view of (Li2O2)2 cluster dissociation on GO (a) and BGO (b) following the Li-O2-Li pathway, and the corresponding Gibbs free energy profiles (c), (d).
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