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钨（W）作为面向等离子体材料的最佳候选者，其对热冲击载荷的响应是未来聚变装置研究中的重要问题。在热负荷作用下，钨基面向等离子体材料（W-Based Plasma-Facing Material, W-PFM）的表面会产生热损伤，包括脆性开裂和疲劳裂纹。本文提出了抑制W-PFM 热损伤的新方案，即叠片结构W-PFM 方案。利用电子束设备对不同厚度和热处理工艺的W箔组成的叠片结构W进行了热疲劳实验。样品施加功率密度为48MW/m2的热脉冲，循环5000次。随着W箔片厚度的减小，叠片结构W表面的裂纹损伤减轻。叠片结构W在循环热载荷作用后表面产生的主裂纹均近似平行于箔片厚度方向。厚度较小的W箔表面只有主裂纹，厚度较大的W箔表面除了出现主裂纹外，还会形成裂纹网络，且主裂纹宽度较大。最终选取热损伤区域的扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope, 简记为SEM）图像，并利用计算机图片处理软件和分析软件，对表面热疲劳裂纹损伤进行了定量分析。发现相同厚度下去应力态W的裂纹面积最小，裂纹数量最少，说明去应力态W的抗辐照损伤能力最强。实验结果还表明，除了微观组织的影响，叠片结构W-PFM的单轴应力状态和裂纹阻断机制也都对其热疲劳性能的提高有所贡献。The response of tungsten (W) to thermal shock loading, as the best candidate for Plasma-Facing Materials, is an important issue in the research of future fusion devices. Under thermal loading, thermal irradiation damage, including brittle cracking and fatigue cracking, occurs on the surface of W-PFM. In this paper, a new scheme to suppress the thermal irradiation damage of W-PFM, i.e., the laminated structure W-PFM scheme, is proposed. Thermal fatigue experiments were conducted on laminated structures W composed of W foils with different thicknesses and heat treatment processes using an electron beam device. The samples were subjected to thermal pulses with a power density of 48 MW/m2 for 5000 cycles. The results indicate that the crack damage on the surface of the laminated structure W decreased with the decrease of the thickness of W foils under the same heat treatment conditions. The main cracks produced on the surface of laminated structure W after cyclic thermal loading were all approximately parallel to the foil thickness direction. The surface of W foils with smaller thicknesses has only main cracks, while the surface of W foils with larger thicknesses develops crack networks in addition to the main cracks, and the width of the main cracks is larger. For the same thickness, the laminated structure W in the rolled state has the weakest degree of surface plastic deformation. Scanning electron microscope images of the thermal damage area were finally selected, and the thermal fatigue crack damage on the surface was quantitatively analyzed using computer image processing software and analysis software. It was found that the de-stressed state W had the smallest crack area and the smallest number of cracks for the same thickness, indicating that the de-stressed state W had the strongest resistance to irradiation damage. The experimental results also show that, in addition to the effect of microstructure, both the uniaxial stress state and the crack-blocking mechanism of the laminated structured W-PFM contribute to the improvement of its thermal fatigue performance.
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Keywords:
- Fusion /
- Plasma Facing Material /
- Tungsten /
- Thermal Fatigue
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