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高效低成本太阳电池的研发是太阳能光伏技术大规模推广应用的关键. 近年来兴起的有机- 无机杂化钙钛矿(以下简称钙钛矿)太阳电池因具有光电能量转换效率高、制备工艺简单等优点, 引起了学术界和产业界的广泛关注, 具有广阔的发展前景. 其中平面异质结钙钛矿太阳电池因具有结构简单, 可低温制备等诸多优点, 成为目前研究的一个重要方向. 平面异质结钙钛矿太阳电池分为n-i-p型和p-i-n型两种结构. 其中钙钛矿分别与电子传输层和空穴传输层形成两个界面, 在这两个界面上实现电子和空穴的快速分离. 电子传输层和空穴传输层分别为电子和空穴提供了独立的输运通道. 平面异质结结构有利于钙钛矿太阳电池中电子和空穴的分离、传输和收集. 此外, 该结构不需要高温烧结的多孔结构氧化物骨架, 扩大了电子和空穴传输材料的选择范围. 可以根据钙钛矿材料的能带分布及载流子传输特性, 来选择能级和载流子传输速率更为匹配的传输材料. 本文对钙钛矿的材料特性, 平面异质结结构的由来及发展进行了简要的概述. 其中重点介绍了平面异质结钙钛矿太阳电池的结构特征、工作机理、钙钛矿/电荷传输层的界面特性, 以及电池性能的优化, 包括钙钛矿薄膜制备、空穴和电子传输层的优化等. 最后对钙钛矿电池的发展前景及存在问题进行了阐述, 为今后高效、稳定钙钛矿太阳电池的研究提供参考.
[1] Yella A, Lee H W, Tsao H N, Yi C, Chandiran A K, Nazeeruddin M K, Diau E W, Yeh C Y, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2011 Science 334 629
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[1] Yella A, Lee H W, Tsao H N, Yi C, Chandiran A K, Nazeeruddin M K, Diau E W, Yeh C Y, Zakeeruddin S M, Grätzel M 2011 Science 334 629
[2] Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, CurchodBasile F E, Ashari-Astani N, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, NazeeruddinMd K, Grätzel M 2014 Nat. Chem. 6 242
[3] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
[4] Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S J, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
[5] Liu M, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
[6] Zhou H, Chen Q, Li G, Luo S, Song T B, Duan H S, Hong Z, You J, Liu Y, Yang Y 2014 Science 345 542
[7] Albert V A, Barbazuk W B, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Leebens-Mack J, Ma H, Palmer J D, Rounsley S, Sankoff D, Schuster S C, Soltis D E, Soltis P S, Wessler S R, Wing R A, Albert V A, Ammiraju J S, Barbazuk W B, Chamala S, Chanderbali A S, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Determann R, Leebens-Mack J, Ma H, Ralph P, Rounsley S, Schuster S C, Soltis D E, Soltis P S, Talag J, Tomsho L, Walts B, Wanke S, Wing R A, Albert V A, Barbazuk W B, Chamala S, Chanderbali A S, Chang T H, Determann R, Lan T, Soltis D E, Soltis P S, Arikit S, Axtell M J, Ayyampalayam S, Barbazuk W B, Burnette J M 3rd, Chamala S, De Paoli E, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Estill J C, Farrell N P, Harkess A, Jiao Y, Leebens-Mack J, Liu K, Mei W, Meyers B C, Shahid S, Wafula E, Walts B, Wessler S R, Zhai J, Zhang X, Albert V A, Carretero-Paulet L, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Jiao Y, Leebens-Mack J, Lyons E, Sankoff D, Tang H, Wafula E, Zheng C, Albert V A, Altman N S, Barbazuk W B, Carretero-Paulet L, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Estill J C, Jiao Y, Leebens-Mack J, Liu K, Mei W, Wafula E, Altman NS, Arikit S, Axtell M J, Chamala S, Chanderbali A S, Chen F, Chen J Q, Chiang V, De Paoli E, dePamphilis C W, Der J P, Determann R, Fogliani B, Guo C, Harholt J, Harkess A, Job C, Job D, Kim S, Kong H, Leebens-Mack J, Li G, Li L, Liu J, Ma H, Meyers B C, Park J, Qi X, Rajjou L, Burtet-Sarramegna V, Sederoff R, Shahid S, Soltis D E, Soltis P S, Sun Y H, Ulvskov P, Villegente M, Xue J Y, Yeh T F, Yu X, Zhai J, Acosta J J, Albert VA, Barbazuk W B, Bruenn R A, Chamala S, de Kochko A, dePamphilis C W, Der JP, Herrera-Estrella LR, Ibarra-Laclette E, Kirst M, Leebens-Mack J, Pissis S P, Poncet V, Schuster S C, Soltis D E, Soltis P S, Tomsho L 2013 Science 342 1438
[8] Kim H S, Im S H, Park N G 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 5615
[9] Sun S, Salim T, Mathews N, Duchamp M, Boothroyd C, Xing G, Sum T C, Lam Y M 2014 Energ. Environ. Sci. 7 399
[10] Tanaka K, Takahashi T, Ban T, Kondo T, Uchida K, Miura N 2003 Solid State Commun. 127 619
[11] Stoumpos C C, Malliakas C D, Kanatzidis M G 2013 Inorg. Chem. 52 9019
[12] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
[13] Baikie T, Fang Y, Kadro J M, Schreyer M, Wei F, Mhaisalkar S G, Graetzel M, White T J 2013 J. Mater. Chem. A 1 5628
[14] Lee M M, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami T N, Snaith H J 2012 Science 338 643
[15] Edri E, Kirmayer S, Cahen D, Hodes G 2013 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 897
[16] Wojciechowski K, Saliba M, Leijtens T, Abate A, Snaith H J 2014 Energ. Environ. Sci. 7 1142
[17] Xiao M, Huang F, Huang W, Dkhissi Y, Zhu Y, Etheridge J, Gray-Weale A, Bach U, Cheng Y B, Spiccia L 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 9898
[18] Im J H, Lee C R, Lee J W, Park S W, Park N G 2011 Nanoscale 3 4088
[19] Kim H S, Lee C R, Im J H, Lee K B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S J, Humphry-Baker R, Yum J H, Moser J E 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 591
[20] Chen H, Pan X, Liu W, Cai M, Kou D, Huo Z, Fang X, Dai S 2013 Chem. Commun. 49 7277
[21] Ball J M, Lee M M, Hey A, Snaith H J 2013 Energ. Environ. Sci. 6 1739
[22] Kim H S, Mora-Sero I, Gonzalez-Pedro V, Fabregat-Santiago F, Juarez-Perez E J, Park N G, Bisquert J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2242
[23] Bi D, Moon S-J, Häggman L, Boschloo G, Yang L, Johansson E M J, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M, Hagfeldt A 2013 RSC Advances 3 18762
[24] Mei A, Li X, Liu L, Ku Z, Liu T, Rong Y, Xu M, Hu M, Chen J, Yang Y, Grätzel M, Han H 2014 Science 345 295
[25] Heo J H, Im S H, Noh J H, Mandal T N, Lim C S, Chang J A, Lee Y H, Kim H j, Sarkar A, NazeeruddinMd K, Grätzel M, Seok S I 2013 Na.t Photon. 7 486
[26] Etgar L, Gao P, Xue Z, Peng Q, Chandiran A K, Liu B, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 17396
[27] Jeng J Y, Chiang Y F, Lee M H, Peng S R, Guo T F, Chen P, Wen T C 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 3727
[28] Zhang H, Azimi H, Hou Y, Ameri T, Przybilla T, Spiecker E, Kraft M, Scherf U, Brabec C J 2014 Chem. Mater. 26 5190
[29] Malinkiewicz O, Yella A, Lee Y H, Espallargas G M, Graetzel M, Nazeeruddin M K, Bolink H J 2014 Nat. Photon. 8 128
[30] Kim J, Kim G, Kim T K, Kwon S, Back H, Lee J, Lee S H, Kang H, Lee K 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 17291
[31] Seo J, Park S, Chan Kim Y, Jeon N J, Noh J H, Yoon S C, Seok S I 2014 Energ. Environ. Sci. 7 2642
[32] Chiang C H, Tseng Z L, Wu C G 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 15897
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[36] Xing G, Mathews N, Sun S, Lim S S, Lam Y M, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2013 Science 342 344
[37] Ponseca C S, Savenije T J, Abdellah M, Zheng K, Yartsev A, Pascher T, Harlang T, Chabera P, Pullerits T, Stepanov A, Wolf J P, Sundström V 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 5189
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[39] Conings B, Baeten L, De Dobbelaere C, D'Haen J, Manca J, Boyen H G 2013 Adv. Mater. 26 2041
[40] Jeng J Y, Chen K C, Chiang T Y, Lin P Y, Tsai T D, Chang Y C, Guo T F, Chen P, Wen T C, Hsu Y J 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 4107
[41] Docampo P, Ball J M, Darwich M, Eperon G E, Snaith H J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2761
[42] Eperon G E, Burlakov V M, Docampo P, Goriely A, Snaith H J 2014 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 151
[43] Choi J J, Yang X, Norman Z M, Billinge S J L, Owen J S 2013 Nano. Lett. 14 127
[44] Wang K C, Jeng J Y, Shen P S, Chang Y C, Diau E W, Tsai C H, Chao T Y, Hsu H C, Lin P Y, Chen P, Guo T F, Wen T C 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 4756
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[47] Barrows A T, Pearson A J, Kwak C K, Dunbar A D F, Buckley A R, Lidzey D G 2014 Energ. Environ. Sci. 7 2944
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[50] You J, Hong Z, Yang Y, Chen Q, Cai M, Song T B, Chen C C, Lu S, Liu Y, Zhou H 2014 ACS Nano 8 1674
[51] Abrusci A, Stranks S D, Docampo P, Yip H L, Jen A K, Snaith H J 2013 Nano. Lett. 13 3124
[52] Liang P W, Liao C Y, Chueh C C, Zuo F, Williams S T, Xin X K, Lin J, Jen A K 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 3748
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[55] Wehrenfennig C, Eperon G E, Johnston M B, Snaith H J, Herz L M 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 1584
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