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Under electron-beam irradiation of heteroshape-heteroscale structure of silica-shelled Ga microball-nanotube, an abnormally large and fast volume expansion of liquid Ga is observed. First, we analyze the processes and phenomena about experiment, and the abnormal expansion process can be regarded as a quasi-static process. Then in the framework of quasi-static thermodynamics, according to the Fourier heat conduction law the relative volume variation with temperature is further quantitatively discussed, and the relative expansion rate and expansion coefficient in system are obtained. At the same time it is found that abnormal expansion coefficient of system under electron-beam irradiation is 5-9 times the general thermal expansion coefficient. Finally, it is pointed out that the abnormal expansion is due to the gallium atom ionization effect and the retention effect resulting from a few electrons retaining in the liquid gallium system under electron-beam irradiation. In essence, both ionization effect and the retention effect make the particle densities of liquid systems increased dramatically, resulting in volume expansion abnormally large and fast of liquid Ga.
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Keywords:
- electron-beam irradiation /
- gallium filling nanotube /
- abnormal expansion /
- ionization effect
[1] Sun L, Banhart F, Krasheninnikov A V, Rodríguez-Manzo J A, Terrones M, Ajayan P M 2006 Science 312 1199
[2] Zhang J Y, Boyd I W 2000 Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 3 345
[3] Svensson K, Olin H, Olsson E 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 145901
[4] Regan B C, Aloni S, Ritchie R O, Dahmen U, Zettl A 2004 Nature 428 924
[5] Golberg D, Costa P M F J, Mitome M, Hampel S, Haase D, Mueller C, Leonhardt A, Bando Y 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 1937
[6] Costa P M F J, Golberg D, Mitome M, Hampel S, Leonhardt A, Buchner B, Bando Y 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3120
[7] Li Z W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 016103 (in Chinese) [李振武 2012 物理学报 61 016103 ]
[8] Wang Y, Wu Q, Wu Y M, He X J, Li L W 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 014212
[9] Zhu X H, Zhang H B, Yang D Y, Wang Z G, Zu X T 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7961 (in Chinese) [朱兴华, 张海波, 杨定宇, 王治国, 祖小涛 2010 物理学报 59 7961]
[10] Sun M, Gao Y H, Su J, Han X Y, Zhang X H, Zhang Q, Shen G Z, Zhang A Q, Jin L, Wang J B 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 134
[11] Gao Y H, Sun M, Su J, Zhi C Y, Golberg D, Bando Y, Duan X F 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 083112
[12] Zheng H M, Smith R K, Jun Y W, Kisielowski C, Dahmen U, Alivisatos A P 2009 Science 324 1309
[13] Holmberg V C, Panthani M G, Korgel B A 2009 Science 326 405
[14] Liu L C, Risbud S H 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 76 4576
[15] Yokota T, Murayama M, Howe J M 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 265504
[16] Gao Y H, Bando Y 2002 Nature 415 599
[17] Williams D B, Carter C B 1996 Transmission Electron Microscopy, (2nd Ed.) (New York: Plenum) pp112-162
[18] Zheng C K 2009 Plasma Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) (in Chinese) [郑春开 2009 等离子体物理 (北京: 北京大学出版社)]
[19] Isihara A 1991 Condensed Matter Physics (New York, Oxford: Oxfrod University Press)
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[1] Sun L, Banhart F, Krasheninnikov A V, Rodríguez-Manzo J A, Terrones M, Ajayan P M 2006 Science 312 1199
[2] Zhang J Y, Boyd I W 2000 Mat. Sci. Semicon. Proc. 3 345
[3] Svensson K, Olin H, Olsson E 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 145901
[4] Regan B C, Aloni S, Ritchie R O, Dahmen U, Zettl A 2004 Nature 428 924
[5] Golberg D, Costa P M F J, Mitome M, Hampel S, Haase D, Mueller C, Leonhardt A, Bando Y 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 1937
[6] Costa P M F J, Golberg D, Mitome M, Hampel S, Leonhardt A, Buchner B, Bando Y 2008 Nano Lett. 8 3120
[7] Li Z W 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 016103 (in Chinese) [李振武 2012 物理学报 61 016103 ]
[8] Wang Y, Wu Q, Wu Y M, He X J, Li L W 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 014212
[9] Zhu X H, Zhang H B, Yang D Y, Wang Z G, Zu X T 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7961 (in Chinese) [朱兴华, 张海波, 杨定宇, 王治国, 祖小涛 2010 物理学报 59 7961]
[10] Sun M, Gao Y H, Su J, Han X Y, Zhang X H, Zhang Q, Shen G Z, Zhang A Q, Jin L, Wang J B 2010 J. Phys. Chem. C 114 134
[11] Gao Y H, Sun M, Su J, Zhi C Y, Golberg D, Bando Y, Duan X F 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 083112
[12] Zheng H M, Smith R K, Jun Y W, Kisielowski C, Dahmen U, Alivisatos A P 2009 Science 324 1309
[13] Holmberg V C, Panthani M G, Korgel B A 2009 Science 326 405
[14] Liu L C, Risbud S H 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 76 4576
[15] Yokota T, Murayama M, Howe J M 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 265504
[16] Gao Y H, Bando Y 2002 Nature 415 599
[17] Williams D B, Carter C B 1996 Transmission Electron Microscopy, (2nd Ed.) (New York: Plenum) pp112-162
[18] Zheng C K 2009 Plasma Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) (in Chinese) [郑春开 2009 等离子体物理 (北京: 北京大学出版社)]
[19] Isihara A 1991 Condensed Matter Physics (New York, Oxford: Oxfrod University Press)
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