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Brunt-Vaisala frequency squared (N2) measures the static stability of the atmosphere, and reflects the general structure of the atmosphere in term of vertical temperature gradient. For middle atmosphere the response of the middle atmospheric structure to the global warming still lacks investigation currently. The historical data from rocket sounding network in 1962-1991 are used to investigate the long-term trend of N2 in the middle atmosphere. For six stations spanning from the tropical latitudes to the northern mid-latitudes, our estimates show that, in the upper stratosphere and middle mesosphere, i. e., 48-60 km high, the significant decreasing of static stability is observed in an N2 anomalies averaged over 48-60 km range. For two tropical stations, long-term trend in N2 exhibits a similar magnitude, i.e., -0.11×10-4 s-2/decade; it is also observed that the trend increases with latitude, with trend estimates from -0.16×10-4 s-2/decade at 22°N (Barking Sand station) to -0.22×10-4 s-2/decade at 38°N (Wallops Island station).
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Keywords:
- static stability /
- decreasing trend /
- middle atmosphere /
- rocketsonde
[1] Held I M 1982 J. Atmos. Sci. 39 412
[2] Nappo C J 2012 An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves (2nd ed.) (Waltham: Academic Press) p24
[3] Stone P H 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 561
[4] Emanuel K A 1988 Mon. Wea. Rev. 116 1805
[5] Santer B D, Taylor K E, Wigley T M L, Johns T C, Jones P D, Karoly D J, Mitchell J F B, Oort A H, Penner J E, Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf D, Stouffer R J, Tett S 1996 Nature 382 39
[6] Juckes M N 2000 J. Atmos. Sci. 57 3050
[7] Trenberth K E, Stepaniak D P 2003 J. Climate 16 3706
[8] Frierson D M W 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L24816
[9] Frierson D M W, Davis N A 2011 Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 L13803
[10] Thompson D W J, Seidel D J, Randel W J, Zou C Z, Butler A H, Mears C, Osso A, Long C, Lin R 2012 Nature 491 692
[11] Nash J, Edge P R 1989 Adv. Space Res. 9 333
[12] Randel W J, Shine K P, Austin J, Barnett J, Claud C, Gillett N P, Keckhut P, Langematz U, Lin R, Long C, Mears C, Miller A, Nash J, Seidel D J, Thompson D W J, Wu F, Yoden S 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D02107
[13] Dunkerton T J, Delisi D P, Baldwin M P 1998 Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 3371
[14] Keckhut P, Hauchecorne A, Chanin M L 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 18887
[15] Xu J, Powell Jr A M, Zhao L 2013 Geosci. Model. Dev. 6 1705
[16] Gates W L 1961 J. Meteor. 18 526
[17] Sica R J, Thorsley M D 1996 Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 2791
[18] Zhao Y, Liu A Z, Gardner C S 2003 J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys. 65 219
[19] Liu A Z, Roble R G, Hecht J H, Larsen M F, Gardner C S 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D02S02
[20] Gardner C S, Zhao Y, Liu A Z 2002 J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys. 64 923
[21] Chang Q H, Yang G T, Song J, Gong S S 2005 Chin. Sci. Bull. 250 2786 (in Chinese) [常启海, 杨国韬, 宋娟, 龚顺生 2005 科学通报 250 2786]
[22] Hirota I 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 714
[23] Hamilton K 1982 Atmos. Ocean 20 281
[24] Garcia R R, Dunkerton T J, Lieberman R S, Vincent R A 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 26019
[25] Hayashi H, Shiotani M, Gille J C 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 4288
[26] Press W H, Saul A T, William T V, Flannery B P 1992 Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing (2nd ed.) (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp569-577
[27] Sheng Z, Xie S Q, Pan C Y 2001 Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics: Zhejiang University 3rd Version (Beijing: Higher Education Press) (in Chinese) p303 [盛骤, 谢氏千, 潘承毅 2001 概率论与数理统计: 浙江大学第三版 (北京: 高等教育出版社)第303页]
[28] Grise K M, Thompson D W J, Birner T 2010 J. Climate. 23 2275
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[1] Held I M 1982 J. Atmos. Sci. 39 412
[2] Nappo C J 2012 An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves (2nd ed.) (Waltham: Academic Press) p24
[3] Stone P H 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 561
[4] Emanuel K A 1988 Mon. Wea. Rev. 116 1805
[5] Santer B D, Taylor K E, Wigley T M L, Johns T C, Jones P D, Karoly D J, Mitchell J F B, Oort A H, Penner J E, Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf D, Stouffer R J, Tett S 1996 Nature 382 39
[6] Juckes M N 2000 J. Atmos. Sci. 57 3050
[7] Trenberth K E, Stepaniak D P 2003 J. Climate 16 3706
[8] Frierson D M W 2006 Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L24816
[9] Frierson D M W, Davis N A 2011 Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 L13803
[10] Thompson D W J, Seidel D J, Randel W J, Zou C Z, Butler A H, Mears C, Osso A, Long C, Lin R 2012 Nature 491 692
[11] Nash J, Edge P R 1989 Adv. Space Res. 9 333
[12] Randel W J, Shine K P, Austin J, Barnett J, Claud C, Gillett N P, Keckhut P, Langematz U, Lin R, Long C, Mears C, Miller A, Nash J, Seidel D J, Thompson D W J, Wu F, Yoden S 2009 J. Geophys. Res. 114 D02107
[13] Dunkerton T J, Delisi D P, Baldwin M P 1998 Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 3371
[14] Keckhut P, Hauchecorne A, Chanin M L 1995 J. Geophys. Res. 100 18887
[15] Xu J, Powell Jr A M, Zhao L 2013 Geosci. Model. Dev. 6 1705
[16] Gates W L 1961 J. Meteor. 18 526
[17] Sica R J, Thorsley M D 1996 Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 2791
[18] Zhao Y, Liu A Z, Gardner C S 2003 J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys. 65 219
[19] Liu A Z, Roble R G, Hecht J H, Larsen M F, Gardner C S 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D02S02
[20] Gardner C S, Zhao Y, Liu A Z 2002 J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys. 64 923
[21] Chang Q H, Yang G T, Song J, Gong S S 2005 Chin. Sci. Bull. 250 2786 (in Chinese) [常启海, 杨国韬, 宋娟, 龚顺生 2005 科学通报 250 2786]
[22] Hirota I 1978 J. Atmos. Sci. 35 714
[23] Hamilton K 1982 Atmos. Ocean 20 281
[24] Garcia R R, Dunkerton T J, Lieberman R S, Vincent R A 1997 J. Geophys. Res. 102 26019
[25] Hayashi H, Shiotani M, Gille J C 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 4288
[26] Press W H, Saul A T, William T V, Flannery B P 1992 Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing (2nd ed.) (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp569-577
[27] Sheng Z, Xie S Q, Pan C Y 2001 Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics: Zhejiang University 3rd Version (Beijing: Higher Education Press) (in Chinese) p303 [盛骤, 谢氏千, 潘承毅 2001 概率论与数理统计: 浙江大学第三版 (北京: 高等教育出版社)第303页]
[28] Grise K M, Thompson D W J, Birner T 2010 J. Climate. 23 2275
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