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高功率微波在受控热核聚变加热、微波高梯度加速器、高功率雷达、定向能武器、超级干扰机及冲击雷达等方面有着重要的应用.本文针对高功率微波输出窗内侧氩气放电击穿过程，建立了二次电子倍增和气体电离的一维空间分布、三维速度分布（1D3V）模型，并开发了相应的PIC/MC程序代码.研究了气压、微波频率、微波振幅对放电击穿的影响.结果表明：在真空情况下，介质窗放电击穿只存在二次电子倍增过程；在低气压和稍高气压时，二次电子倍增和气体电离共存；在极高气压时，气体电离占主导.给出了不同气压下电子、离子的密度和静电场的空间分布.此外还观察到，在500 mTorr时，随着微波振幅或微波频率的变化，气体电离出现的时刻和电离产生的等离子体峰值位置有较大差异，尤其是当微波频率（GHz）在数值上是微波振幅（MV/m）的2倍时，气体电离出现的较早.
[1] Barker R J, Schamiloglu E 2001 High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies (New York: Wiley-IEEE Press) pp310-380
[2] Benford J, Swegle J A, Schamiloglu E (translated by Jiang W H, Zhang C) 2009 High Power Microwave (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) pp1-48 (in Chinese) [本福德J, 史瓦格 J A, 沙米洛格鲁 E著(江伟华, 张弛 译) 2009高功率微波(北京: 国防工业出版社)第1–48页]
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[5] Neuber A, Dickens J, Hemmert D, Krompholz H, Hatfield L, Kristiansen M 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 296
[6] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 193
[7] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y, Ang L K, Valfells A, Gilgenbach R M 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2120
[8] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2007 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 14 766
[9] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 123504
[10] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 231502
[11] Chang C, Huang H J, Liu G Z, Chen C H, Hou Q, Fang J Y 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 123305
[12] Chang C, Liu G Z, Tang C X, Chen C H, Fang J Y 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 055702
[13] Chang C, Liu G Z, Tang C X, Chen C H, Qiu S, Fang J Y, Hou Q 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 093508
[14] Chang C, Verboncoeur J, Tantawi S, Jing C 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 063304
[15] Chang C, Zhu M, Verboncoeur J, Li S, Xie J L, Yan K, Luo T D, Zhu X X 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 253504
[16] Hao X W, Zhang G H, Huang W H, Qiu S, Chen C H, Fang J Y 2010 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 22 0099 (in Chinese) [郝西伟, 张冠军, 黄文华, 秋实, 陈昌华, 方进勇 2010 强激光与粒子束 22 0099]
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[18] Cai L B, Wang J G, Zhu X Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 085101 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国, 朱湘琴 2011 物理学报 60 085101]
[19] Cai L B, Wang J G, Zhu X Q, Wang Y, Xuan C, Xia H F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 075101 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国, 朱湘琴, 王玥, 宣春, 夏洪富 2012 物理学报 61 075101]
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[21] Cheng G X, Liu L 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1067
[22] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 1917 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 1917]
[23] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 454 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 454]
[24] Dong Y, Zhou Q H, Dong Z W, Yang W Y, Zhou H J, Sun H F 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 950 (in Chinese) [董烨, 周前红, 董志伟, 杨温渊, 周海京, 孙会芳 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 950]
[25] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 027901 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 物理学报 63 027901]
[26] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y, Zhou Q H, Zhou H J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 197901 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊, 周前红, 周海京 2013 物理学报 62 197901]
[27] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 2653 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 2653]
[28] Dong Y, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Dong Z W, Zhou H J, Liu Q X 2016 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 28 033004 (in Chinese) [董烨, 周前红, 杨温渊, 董志伟, 周海京, 刘庆想 2016 强激光与粒子束 28 033004]
[29] Vaughan R 1993 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 40 830
[30] Atomic Molecular Data Services, the Nuclear Data Section of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria https://www-amdis iaea org/ [2018-9-16]
[31] Chang C, Verboncoeur J, Guo M N, Zhu M, Song W, Li S, Chen C H, Bai X C, Xie J L 2014 Phys. Rev. E 90 063107
-
[1] Barker R J, Schamiloglu E 2001 High-Power Microwave Sources and Technologies (New York: Wiley-IEEE Press) pp310-380
[2] Benford J, Swegle J A, Schamiloglu E (translated by Jiang W H, Zhang C) 2009 High Power Microwave (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) pp1-48 (in Chinese) [本福德J, 史瓦格 J A, 沙米洛格鲁 E著(江伟华, 张弛 译) 2009高功率微波(北京: 国防工业出版社)第1–48页]
[3] Chang C 2016 High Power Microwave System Breakdown in the Physical (Beijing: Science Press) pp1-150 (in Chinese) [常超 2016 高功率微波系统中的击穿物理(北京:科学出版社) 第1–150页]
[4] Neuber A, Hemmert D, Krompholz H, Krompholz H, Hatfield L, Kristiansen M 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 86 1724
[5] Neuber A, Dickens J, Hemmert D, Krompholz H, Hatfield L, Kristiansen M 1998 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26 296
[6] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 193
[7] Kishek R A, Lau Y Y, Ang L K, Valfells A, Gilgenbach R M 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2120
[8] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2007 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 14 766
[9] Kim H C, Verboncoeur J P 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 123504
[10] Nam S K, Verboncoeur J P 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 231502
[11] Chang C, Huang H J, Liu G Z, Chen C H, Hou Q, Fang J Y 2009 J. Appl. Phys. 105 123305
[12] Chang C, Liu G Z, Tang C X, Chen C H, Fang J Y 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 055702
[13] Chang C, Liu G Z, Tang C X, Chen C H, Qiu S, Fang J Y, Hou Q 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 093508
[14] Chang C, Verboncoeur J, Tantawi S, Jing C 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 110 063304
[15] Chang C, Zhu M, Verboncoeur J, Li S, Xie J L, Yan K, Luo T D, Zhu X X 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 253504
[16] Hao X W, Zhang G H, Huang W H, Qiu S, Chen C H, Fang J Y 2010 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 22 0099 (in Chinese) [郝西伟, 张冠军, 黄文华, 秋实, 陈昌华, 方进勇 2010 强激光与粒子束 22 0099]
[17] Cai L B, Wang J G 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 3268 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国 2009 物理学报 58 3268]
[18] Cai L B, Wang J G, Zhu X Q 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 085101 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国, 朱湘琴 2011 物理学报 60 085101]
[19] Cai L B, Wang J G, Zhu X Q, Wang Y, Xuan C, Xia H F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 075101 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国, 朱湘琴, 王玥, 宣春, 夏洪富 2012 物理学报 61 075101]
[20] Cai L B, Wang J G 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 025217 (in Chinese) [蔡利兵, 王建国 2011 物理学报 60 025217]
[21] Cheng G X, Liu L 2011 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1067
[22] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 1917 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 1917]
[23] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 454 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 454]
[24] Dong Y, Zhou Q H, Dong Z W, Yang W Y, Zhou H J, Sun H F 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 950 (in Chinese) [董烨, 周前红, 董志伟, 杨温渊, 周海京, 孙会芳 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 950]
[25] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 027901 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2014 物理学报 63 027901]
[26] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Yang W Y, Zhou Q H, Zhou H J 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 197901 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 杨温渊, 周前红, 周海京 2013 物理学报 62 197901]
[27] Dong Y, Dong Z W, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Zhou H J 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 2653 (in Chinese) [董烨, 董志伟, 周前红, 杨温渊, 周海京 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 2653]
[28] Dong Y, Zhou Q H, Yang W Y, Dong Z W, Zhou H J, Liu Q X 2016 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 28 033004 (in Chinese) [董烨, 周前红, 杨温渊, 董志伟, 周海京, 刘庆想 2016 强激光与粒子束 28 033004]
[29] Vaughan R 1993 IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 40 830
[30] Atomic Molecular Data Services, the Nuclear Data Section of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria https://www-amdis iaea org/ [2018-9-16]
[31] Chang C, Verboncoeur J, Guo M N, Zhu M, Song W, Li S, Chen C H, Bai X C, Xie J L 2014 Phys. Rev. E 90 063107
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