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X射线自由电子激光(XFEL)脉冲时间诊断技术常用于实验站附近XFEL脉冲和配套激光的相对到达时间探测, 是飞秒级XFEL泵浦探测实验的重要辅助技术, 为XFEL和激光泵浦探测实验中两种脉冲对准提供参考信号. 随着XFEL向高重频、短脉冲发展, 对时间诊断中的诊断频率、泵浦样品和分辨率提出了更高的要求. 该技术通过泵浦探测和光学互相关实现, 当XFEL脉冲入射高带宽半导体样品瞬间, 导致样品复折射率突变, 使XFEL到达时间编码于突变空间. 本文基于空间编码和光谱编码两种方法, 研发设计了XFEL单脉冲到达时间诊断装置; 并通过Beer’s吸收理论和原子散射理论对X射线与样品作用过程进行模拟, 研究了该过程中X射线吸收与折射率突变的响应程度, 完善了样品的分析选择模型; 对光谱编码中的啁啾脉冲调制进行分析, 得到色散介质和脉冲本征参数对诊断分辨率的影响. 该研究对XFEL脉冲到达时间诊断装置的应用具有指导意义.X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) pulse time diagnosis technology is often used to detect the relative arrival time of XFEL pulse and auxiliary laser near the experimental station. It is an important auxiliary technology and provides a reference signal for the pump-probe pulse in the XFEL laser pump-probe experiment. With the development of XFEL towards high repetition frequency and short pulse, higher requirements are put forward for diagnostic frequency, pump sample and resolution in time diagnosis. The technology is realized by the pump-probe method and optical cross-correlation method. When the XFEL pulse is incident on the high-bandwidth semiconductor solid target instantaneously, the complex refractive index of the solid target will change, then the arrival time of XFEL will be encoded in the mutation space. In thiswork, we design an XFEL pulse arrival time diagnostic device based on two methods: spatial coding and spectral coding. In this framework, the interaction between X-ray and solid target is explored by Beer's absorption theory and atomic scattering theory. Therefore, the response to X-ray absorption and refractive index in this process are investigated, and the solid target selection model is developed. This model is used to analyze the influence of solid target type and thickness in diagnosis, while avoiding situations where the sample is too hot due to a lot X-ray absorption. Moreover, the influence of hard X-ray on sample temperature at high frequency is considered, and the samples suitable for different X-ray bands are given. The chirped pulse modulation in spectral coding is analyzed, and the influence of dispersion medium and pulse parameters on the diagnostic resolution of spectral coding are obtained. Finally, the error effects of X-ray, spatial coding and spectral coding on the results are analyzed, and the analysis methods and consideration factors of the two coding methods are given. This work is of great significance in using the XFEL pulse arrival time diagnostic device.
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Keywords:
- time diagnosis /
- optical cross correlation /
- X-ray free electron laser /
- pump probe
[1] 赵振堂, 冯超 2018 物理 47 481
Google Scholar
Zhao Z T, Feng C 2018 Physics 47 481
Google Scholar
[2] Bostedt C, Boutet S, Fritz D M, Huang Z, Lee H J, Lemke H T, Robert A, Schlotter W F, Turner J J, Williams G J 2016 Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 18
Google Scholar
[3] Emma P, Akre R, Arthur J, et al. 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641
Google Scholar
[4] Harmand M, Coffee R, Bionta M R, Chollet M, French D, Zhu D, Fritz D M, Lemke H T, Medvedev N, Ziaja B, Toleikis S, Cammarata M 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 215
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[5] Schulz S, Grguras I, Behrens C, Bromberger H, Costello J T, Czwalinna M K, Felber M, Hoffmann M C, Ilchen M, Liu H Y, Mazza T, Meyer M, Pfeiffer S, Predki P, Schefer S, Schmidt C, Wegner U, Schlarb H, Cavalieri A L 2015 Nat. Commun 6 5938
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[9] Düsterer S, Rehders M, Al-Shemmary A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 17 23545
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[17] Bionta M R, Lemke H T, Cryan J P, Glownia J M, Bostedt C, Cammarata M, Castagna J C, Ding Y, Fritz D M, Fry A R, Krzywinski J, Messerschmidt M, Schorb S, Swiggers M L, Coffee R N 2011 Opt. Express 19 21855
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Google Scholar
[20] Owada S, Nakajima K, Togashi T, Katayama T, Yumoto H, Ohashi H, Yabashi M 2019 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 887
Google Scholar
[21] Krupin O, Trigo M, Schlotter W F, et al. 2012 Opt. Express 20 11396
Google Scholar
[22] Attwood D 1999 Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation (New York: Cambridge) pp98–122
[23] Teubner U, Wagner U, Forster E 2001 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34 2993
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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图 1 XFEL脉冲到达时间诊断系统光路示意图, 诊断系统位于XFEL束线末端, 实验线站之前. 其中红色光束为空间编码, 绿色光束为光谱编码光路, 插图为空间编码示意图
Fig. 1. Optical layout of PAM (XFEL pulse arrival time monitor), PAM is located before the experimental station, at the end of the XFEL beam line. Red optical layout is spatial coding, green optical layout is spectral coding, illustration is a spatial coding diagram.
图 2 诊断设备机械设计和光学布局 (a) 诊断设备整体设计图; (b) 空间编码、光谱编码在腔体外的光路布局和腔体内部透视
Fig. 2. Mechanical design and optical layout: (a) Overall design drawing of diagnostic equipment; (b) optical layout design of spatial coding, spectral coding and chamber fluoroscopy.
图 3 不同厚度样品下的X射线透射率 (a) Si3N4; (b) GaAs; (c) 金刚石膜
Fig. 3. Transmittance of X-ray in samples with different thicknesses: (a) Si3N4; (b) GaAs; (c) diamond film.
图 4 泵浦样品的有限元热分析结果 (a) Si3N4; (b) 金刚石膜
Fig. 4. Finite element thermal analysis of the pumped sample: (a) Si3N4; (b) diamond film.
图 5 (a) X射线泵浦后探测激光透过样品的透射变化率; (b) XFEL脉冲入射到GaAs, Si3N4和金刚石薄膜(diamond film)样品靶的透射率
Fig. 5. (a) The change rate of laser transmission through the sample is detected after X-ray pump; (b) transmittance of XFEL pulses incident on GaAs, Si3N4 and diamond film.
图 6 带宽为 450—650 nm的超连续谱分别入射厚度为20, 25, 35和50 mm的色散玻璃时的脉宽调制 (a) SF11; (b) SF57
Fig. 6. Pulse width broadening of the probing laser with super-continuum bandwidth 450–650 nm, after transmitting the dispersive glass with thickness 20, 25, 35 and 50 mm: (a) SF11; (b) SF57
图 7 500和600 nm中心波长下不同谱宽探测激光随脉冲长度展宽的分辨率极限
Fig. 7. Resolution limits of laser broadening with pulse length at 500 and 600 nm central wavelengths with different spectral widths.
图 8 200 nm谱宽的啁啾连续谱通过SF11玻璃的非线性展宽导致相邻波长之间的非线性时间差
Fig. 8. Nonlinear time difference between adjacent wavelengths due to nonlinear broadening of SF11 glass is shown for the chirp continuum spectrum with 200 nm spectrum width.
表 1 GaAs, Si3N4和金刚石膜三种半导体材料用于到达时间诊断的相关参数
Table 1. Parameters for GaAs, Si3N4 and diamond film semiconductor materials for arriving time diagnosis.
种类 规格 带宽 吸收长度* 密度 熔点 导热系数 mm2 eV nm g/cm3 ℃ W/(cm·K) Si3N4 102 5 360—4431 3.19 1800 1.369 GaAs 102 1.43 321—2166 5.31 1238 0.46 Diamond 102 5.5 367—3714 3.515 3550 23 * X射线波长范围0.4—2 nm 
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表 2 Si3N4, GaAs和金刚石膜中载流子的有效质量和弛豫时间
Table 2. Effective mass and relaxation time of carriers in GaAs, Si3N4 and diamond film.
样品 $ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{*} $ $ {m}_{{\rm{h}}}^{*} $ $ {\tau }_{\text{e}} $/ps $ {\tau }_{{\rm{h}}} $/ps Si3N4 0.3$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 0.3$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 0.5 0.5 GaAs 0.067$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 0.4$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 4.8 2 Diamond 0.28$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 1.22$ {m}_{{\rm{e}}}^{} $ 1.5 1.4
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[1] 赵振堂, 冯超 2018 物理 47 481
Google Scholar
Zhao Z T, Feng C 2018 Physics 47 481
Google Scholar
[2] Bostedt C, Boutet S, Fritz D M, Huang Z, Lee H J, Lemke H T, Robert A, Schlotter W F, Turner J J, Williams G J 2016 Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 18
Google Scholar
[3] Emma P, Akre R, Arthur J, et al. 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 641
Google Scholar
[4] Harmand M, Coffee R, Bionta M R, Chollet M, French D, Zhu D, Fritz D M, Lemke H T, Medvedev N, Ziaja B, Toleikis S, Cammarata M 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 215
Google Scholar
[5] Schulz S, Grguras I, Behrens C, Bromberger H, Costello J T, Czwalinna M K, Felber M, Hoffmann M C, Ilchen M, Liu H Y, Mazza T, Meyer M, Pfeiffer S, Predki P, Schefer S, Schmidt C, Wegner U, Schlarb H, Cavalieri A L 2015 Nat. Commun 6 5938
Google Scholar
[6] Grychtol P, Rivas D E, Baumann T M, et al. 2021 Opt. Express 29 37429
Google Scholar
[7] Sato T, Letrun R, Kirkwood H J, et al. 2020 Optica 7 716
Google Scholar
[8] Nakajima K, Joti Y, Katayama T, Owada S, Togashi T, Abe T, Kameshima T, Okada K, Sugimoto T, Yamaga M, Hatsui T, Yabashi M 2018 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 25 592
Google Scholar
[9] Düsterer S, Rehders M, Al-Shemmary A, et al. 2014 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 17 23545
Google Scholar
[10] Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Johnson A S, Fitzpatrick A, Hutchison C D M, Fare C, Cordon-Preciado V, Dorlhiac G, Ferreira J L, Morgan R M, Marangos J P, Owada S, Nakane T, Tanaka R, Tono K, Iwata S, van Thor J J 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 122 203105
Google Scholar
[11] Hartmann N, Helml W, Galler A, Bionta M R, Grünert J, L. Molodtsov S, Ferguson K R, Schorb S, Swiggers M L, Carron S, Bostedt C, Castagna J C, Bozek J, Glownia J M, Kane D J, Fry A R, White W E, Hauri C P, Feurer T, Coffee R N 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 706
Google Scholar
[12] Maltezopoulos T, Photonen D F M, Cunovic S, Wieland M, Drescher M 2008 New J. Phys. 10 1218
Google Scholar
[13] Schorb S, Gorkhover T, Cryan J P, Glownia J M, Bionta M R, Coffee R N, Erk B, Boll R, Schmidt C, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Rouzee A, Swiggers M, Carron S, Castagna J C, Bozek J D, Messerschmidt M, Schlotter W F, Bostedt C 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 121107
Google Scholar
[14] Beye M, Krupin O, Hays G, Reid A H, Rupp D, Jong S d, Lee S, Lee W S, Chuang Y D, Coffee R, Cryan J P, Glownia J M, Föhlisch A, Holmes M R, Fry A R, White W E, Bostedt C, Scherz A O, Durr H A, Schlotter W F 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 121108
Google Scholar
[15] Katayama T, Owada S, Togashi T, Ogawa K, Karvinen P, Vartiainen I, Eronen A, David C, Sato T, Nakajima K, Joti Y, Yumoto H, Ohashi H, Yabashi M 2016 Struct. Dynam. -US 3 034301
Google Scholar
[16] Droste S, Zohar S, Shen L, White V E, Diaz-Jacobo E, Coffee R N, Reid A H, Tavella F, Minitti M P, Turner J J, Robinson J S, Fry A R, Coslovich G 2020 Opt. Express 28 23545
Google Scholar
[17] Bionta M R, Lemke H T, Cryan J P, Glownia J M, Bostedt C, Cammarata M, Castagna J C, Ding Y, Fritz D M, Fry A R, Krzywinski J, Messerschmidt M, Schorb S, Swiggers M L, Coffee R N 2011 Opt. Express 19 21855
Google Scholar
[18] Kirkwood H J, Letrun R, Tanikawa T, et al. 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 1650
Google Scholar
[19] Diez M, Galler A, Schulz S, Boemer C, Coffee R N, Hartmann N, Heider R, Wagner M S, Helml W, Katayama T, Sato T, Sato T, Yabashi M, Bressler C 2021 Sci. Rep. 11 3562
Google Scholar
[20] Owada S, Nakajima K, Togashi T, Katayama T, Yumoto H, Ohashi H, Yabashi M 2019 J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 887
Google Scholar
[21] Krupin O, Trigo M, Schlotter W F, et al. 2012 Opt. Express 20 11396
Google Scholar
[22] Attwood D 1999 Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation (New York: Cambridge) pp98–122
[23] Teubner U, Wagner U, Forster E 2001 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34 2993
Google Scholar
[24] Wang K, Qian L J, Luo H, Yuan P, Zhu H Y 2006 Opt. Express 14 6366
Google Scholar
[25] Wang J, Zhang Y, Shen H, Jiang Y, Wang Z 2017 Opt. Eng. 56 076107
Google Scholar
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