Simulation study of electron beam irradiation damage to ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub>

Gao Xu-Dong; Yang De-Cao; Wei Wen-Jing; Li Gong-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20211223

Abstract

Wurtzite ZnO and rutile TiO₂ have important application value in solar cells, photocatalysts, self-cleaning coatings, etc. In addition, ZnO and TiO₂ are crucial basic materials for the development of semiconductor spintronics devices due to room temperature ferromagnetism in the state of defects or doped specific elements. Many studies indicate that the magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO and TiO₂ are affected by intrinsic defects (such as vacancies, interstitial atoms, etc.). Electron irradiation has the incomparable advantages over other particle beam irradiation, the defects produced by electron beam irradiation are mainly independent vacancy-interstitial atom pairs (Frenkel pairs), and there are no new doping elements introduced into the material during the irradiation by electron beam with energy of several MeV, that is, electron irradiation is a relatively “pure” particle irradiation method. On the one hand, since the displacement threshold energy values of different atoms are different from each other, the type of defect during electron irradiation can be controlled by the energy of the electron beam. On the other hand, the electron fluence can determine the concentration of defects. Therefore, various defects of different concentrations can be generated by electron irradiation, thereby studying the influences of related defects on the magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO and TiO₂. However, simulation calculations related to electron beam irradiation damage are relatively scarce. Therefore, in this work, the electron beam irradiation damage is taken as a research topic and the related theoretical simulation calculations are carried out, which lays a theoretical foundation for subsequent experimental researches. The size and the distribution of radiation damage (dpa) caused by point source electrons and that by plane source electrons with different energy values in ZnO and TiO₂ are simulated and calculated through the MCNP5 program combined with the MCCM algorithm. The calculation results show that O atoms and Zn atoms can be dislocated when the electron energy values are greater than 0.31 MeV and 0.87 MeV in ZnO, respectively; while in TiO₂, O atoms and Ti atoms can be dislocated when the electron beam energy values are greater than 0.12 MeV and 0.84 MeV, respectively. The dpa caused by point source electrons is mainly distributed in the longitudinal direction, and attenuates quickly in the lateral direction; on the contrary, the dpa caused by plane source electrons first increases and then decreases with the augment of the electron incidence depth, and the unevenness of the dpa distribution becomes more serious with the increase of the electron energy. Therefore, for each of ZnO and TiO₂, the dpa will be relatively even distribution when the thickness of the sample is about 0.25 mm. Furthermore, the calculation results of the electron energy deposition show that the size of the energy deposition area is closely related to the electron beam energy. At the same time, with the increase of the electron beam energy, the position where the maximum energy deposition appears gradually moves to the inside of the sample, and the entire energy deposition area has a tendency to lean forward.

Keywords:

electron irradiation /
Monte Carlo assited classsical method algorithm /
ZnO /
TiO₂

Authors and contacts

School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: Li Gong-Ping, ligp@lzu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11975006, 11575074) .

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References

[1]	Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnár S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488 Google Scholar
[2]	Furdyna J K 1988 J. Appl. Phys. 64 R29 Google Scholar
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[17]	刘欢, 李公平, 许楠楠, 林俏露, 杨磊, 王苍龙 2016 物理学报 65 206102 Google Scholar Liu H, Li G P, Xu N N, Lin Q L, Yang L, Wang C L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 206102 Google Scholar
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[27]	Cahn J H 1959 J. Appl. Phys. 30 1310 Google Scholar
[28]	Bethe H A, Ashkin J 1953 Experimental Nuclear Physics (Vol. 1) (London: John Wiley & Sons, Iinc., New York Champan & Hall, Limited) pp252-256
[29]	Norgett M J, Robinson M T, Torrens I M 1975 Nucl. Eng. Des. 33 50 Google Scholar
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[31]	Kinchin G H, Pease R S 1955 J. Nucl. Energy (1954) 1 200 Google Scholar
[32]	McKinley W A, Feshbach H 1948 Phys. Rev. 74 1759 Google Scholar
[33]	Meese J M, Locker D R 1972 Solid State Commun. 11 1547 Google Scholar
[34]	Zinkle S J, Kinoshita C 1997 J. Nucl. Mater. 251 200 Google Scholar
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[37]	Piñera I, Cruz C M, Leyva A, Abreu Y, Cabal A E, Van Espen P, Van Remortel N 2014 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sec. B 339 1 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 MCNP5采用程序模拟几何结构图　(a) 点源电子束; (b) 面源电子束

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the geometry structure used by MCNP5 program: (a) Point source electron; (b) plane source electron.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 1.0 MeV的电子束在纤锌矿ZnO及金红石TiO₂样品中的吸收曲线

Figure 2. Absorption curve of 1.0 MeV electron beam in wurtzite ZnO and rutile TiO₂ sample.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 相对论性电子与静止原子的能量传递　(a) ⁶⁴Zn; (b) ⁴⁸Ti; (c) ¹⁶O

Figure 3. Energy transfer between relativistic electron and stationary atom: (a) ⁶⁴Zn; (b) ⁴⁸Ti; (c) ¹⁶O.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 离位损伤截面　(a) wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂

Figure 4. Displacement cross section: (a) wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 点源电子束在纤锌矿ZnO中产生的dpa的分布　(a) 0.5 MeV; (b) 0.8 MeV; (c) 1.0 MeV; (d) 1.5 MeV

Figure 5. Distribution of dpa produced by Point Source Electron in wurtzite ZnO: (a) 0.5 MeV; (b) 0.8 MeV; (c) 1.0 MeV; (d) 1.5 MeV.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 1.0 MeV电子辐照金红石TiO₂时dpa的分布

Figure 6. Distribution of dpa produced by 1.0 MeV electron in rutile TiO₂.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 dpa随电子入射深度的变化曲线　(a) Wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂

Figure 7. The variation curve of dpa with electron incidence depth: (a) Wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 dpa_max与电子能量的关系曲线　(a) Wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂

Figure 8. Relationship between dpa_max and electron energy: (a) Wurtzite ZnO; (b) rutile TiO₂.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 不同能量的理想点入射电子在纤锌矿ZnO中的能量沉积的分布

Figure 9. Distribution of energy deposition of ideal point source electrons with different energies in wurtzite ZnO.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 不同能量的面源电子束在纤锌矿ZnO中的能量沉积的分布

Figure 10. Distribution of energy deposition of plane source electrons with different energies in wurtzite ZnO.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 纤锌矿ZnO及金红石TiO₂材料的平均激发势和离位阈能

Table 1. Average excitation potential and threshold energy of wurtzite ZnO and rutile TiO₂.

I /eV atoms T_d /eV

ZnO 286.1 Zn 50^[33]
O 55^[33]
TiO₂ 179.5 Ti 69^[36]
O 19^[36]

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Wolf S A, Awschalom D D, Buhrman R A, Daughton J M, von Molnár S, Roukes M L, Chtchelkanova A Y, Treger D M 2001 Science 294 1488 Google Scholar
[2]	Furdyna J K 1988 J. Appl. Phys. 64 R29 Google Scholar
[3]	Matsumoto Y, Takahashi R, Murakami M, Koida T, Fan X J, Hasegawa T, Fukumura T, Kawasaki M, Koshihara S Y, Koinuma H 2001 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 L1204 Google Scholar
[4]	Xing G Z, Lu Y H, Tian Y F, Yi J B, Lim C C, Li Y F, Li G P, Wang D D, Yao B, Ding J, Feng Y P, Wu T 2011 AIP Advances 1 022152 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhou S Q, Čižmár E, Potzger K, Krause M, Talut G, Helm M, Fassbender J, Zvyagin S A, Wosnitza J, Schmidt H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 113201 Google Scholar
[6]	Duhalde S, Vignolo M F, Golmar F, Chiliotte C, Torres C E R, Errico L A, Cabrera A F, Rentería M, Sánchez F H, Weissmann M 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 161313 Google Scholar
[7]	Olayinka A S, Adetunji B I, Idiodi J O A, Aghemelon U 2019 Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 33 1950036 Google Scholar
[8]	Kernazhitsky L, Shymanovska V, Gavrilko T, Naumov V, Fedorenko L, Kshnyakin V, Baran J 2014 J. Lumin. 146 199 Google Scholar
[9]	Liu B J, Liu K, Zhao J W, Wang W H, Ralchenko V, Geng F J, Yang L, Zhang S, Xue J J, Han J C 2020 Diamond Relat. Mater. 109 108026 Google Scholar
[10]	Fujishima A, Zhang X T 2006 C. R. Chim. 9 750 Google Scholar
[11]	Lin Q L, Xu N N, Li G P, Qian Z F, Liu H, Wang R H 2021 J. Mater. Chem. C 9 2858 Google Scholar
[12]	Liu H, Li G P, E D J, Xu N N, Lin Q L, Gao X D, Lan C, Chen J S, Wang C L, Zhan X W, Zhang K 2020 RSC Adv. 10 18687 Google Scholar
[13]	Liu H, Li G P, E D J, Xu N N, Lin Q L, Gao X D, Wang C L 2020 Opt. Mater. 101 109748 Google Scholar
[14]	Liu H, Li G P, E D J, Xu N N, Lin Q L, Gao X D, Wang C L 2020 J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 33 1535 Google Scholar
[15]	张梅玲, 陈玉红, 张材荣, 李公平 2019 物理学报 68 087101 Google Scholar Zhang M L, Chen Y H, Zhang C R, Li G P 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 087101 Google Scholar
[16]	林俏露, 李公平, 许楠楠, 刘欢, 王苍龙 2017 物理学报 66 037101 Google Scholar Lin Q L, Li G P, Xu N N, Liu H, Wang C L 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 037101 Google Scholar
[17]	刘欢, 李公平, 许楠楠, 林俏露, 杨磊, 王苍龙 2016 物理学报 65 206102 Google Scholar Liu H, Li G P, Xu N N, Lin Q L, Yang L, Wang C L 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 206102 Google Scholar
[18]	李天晶, 李公平, 马公俊平, 高行新 2011 物理学报 60 116102 Google Scholar Li T J, Li G P, Ma J P, Gao X X 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 116102 Google Scholar
[19]	Xu N N, Li G P, Pan X D, Wang Y B, Chen J S, Bao L M 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 106101 Google Scholar
[20]	Piñera I, Cruz C M, Van Espen P, Abreu Y, Leyva A 2012 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sec. B 274 191 Google Scholar
[21]	Cruz C M, Piñera I, Correa C, Abreu Y, Leyva A 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record Valencia, Spain, 2011 p4622
[22]	Nordlund K, Zinkle S J, Sand A E, Granberg F, Averback R S, Stoller R, Suzudo T, Malerba L, Banhart F, Weber W J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1 Google Scholar
[23]	Edmondson P D, Weber W J, Namavar F, Zhang Y W 2012 J. Nucl. Mater. 422 86 Google Scholar
[24]	Piñera I, Cruz C M, Abreu Y, Leyva A 2007 Phys. Status Solidi A 204 2279 Google Scholar
[25]	Pinera I, Abreu Y, Van Espen P, Díaz A, Leyva A, Cruz C M 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record Valencia, Spain, 2011 p1609
[26]	Oen O S, Holmes D K 1959 J. Appl. Phys. 30 1289 Google Scholar
[27]	Cahn J H 1959 J. Appl. Phys. 30 1310 Google Scholar
[28]	Bethe H A, Ashkin J 1953 Experimental Nuclear Physics (Vol. 1) (London: John Wiley & Sons, Iinc., New York Champan & Hall, Limited) pp252-256
[29]	Norgett M J, Robinson M T, Torrens I M 1975 Nucl. Eng. Des. 33 50 Google Scholar
[30]	Nordlund K, Zinkle S J, Sand A E, Granberg F, Averback R S, Stoller R E, Suzudo T, Malerba L, Banhart F, Weber W J 2018 J. Nucl. Mater. 512 450 Google Scholar
[31]	Kinchin G H, Pease R S 1955 J. Nucl. Energy (1954) 1 200 Google Scholar
[32]	McKinley W A, Feshbach H 1948 Phys. Rev. 74 1759 Google Scholar
[33]	Meese J M, Locker D R 1972 Solid State Commun. 11 1547 Google Scholar
[34]	Zinkle S J, Kinoshita C 1997 J. Nucl. Mater. 251 200 Google Scholar
[35]	Smith K L, Colella M 2003 J. Nucl. Mater. 321 19 Google Scholar
[36]	Robinson M, Marks N A, Whittle K R, Lumpkin G R 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 104105 Google Scholar
[37]	Piñera I, Cruz C M, Leyva A, Abreu Y, Cabal A E, Van Espen P, Van Remortel N 2014 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sec. B 339 1 Google Scholar

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Simulation study of electron beam irradiation damage to ZnO and TiO₂

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Corresponding author: Li Gong-Ping, ligp@lzu.edu.cn

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	I /eV	atoms	T_d /eV
ZnO	286.1	Zn	50^[33]
ZnO	286.1	O	55^[33]
TiO₂	179.5	Ti	69^[36]
TiO₂	179.5	O	19^[36]

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Simulation study of electron beam irradiation damage to ZnO and TiO2

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Corresponding author: Li Gong-Ping, ligp@lzu.edu.cn

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Simulation study of electron beam irradiation damage to ZnO and TiO₂