Geant4 simulation of neutron displacement damage effect in InP

Li Wei; Bai Yu-Rong; Guo Hao-Xuan; He Chao-Hui; Li Yong-Hong

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211722

Abstract

As the second-generation compound semiconductor material, indium phosphide (InP) has strong irradiation resistance and high photoelectric conversion efficiency. It has advantages in the field of photonics and radio frequency. In atmospheric space, high-energy cosmic rays enter into the earth’s atmosphere and interact with nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and other elements to produce secondary cosmic rays. The irradiation particles in the atmosphere are mainly neutrons because the penetration of charged particles is weak. The InP semiconductor devices are affected by atmospheric neutron irradiation of various energy from all directions, which results in the internal defects in InP crystals, the degradation of device performance and the reduction of device lifetime. In this paper, Monte Carlo simulation software Geant4 is used to simulate the neutron irradiation effect, and the initial state distribution of displacement damage caused by neutrons with different energy is obtained, including the distribution of non-ionized energy loss (NIEL) with depth, the relationship between NIEL and the energy of incident neutrons, and the type, number and energy of primary knock-on atoms (PKA). The results show that 1) the NIEL is uniformly distributed when material thickness is on the order of μm and for the material thickness on the order of cm and more, the NIEL decreases as the depth increases and can be reduced to zero when the target material is thick enough; 2) by analyzing the NIEL produced by 1–20 MeV neutrons incident on 3-μm InP and their distribution with depth, it is found that the NIEL first increases and then decreases with incident neutron energy increasing. This trend is caused mainly by PKA produced through the inelastic scattering reaction; 3) by analyzing the type and the energy of PKA produced by 1–20 MeV neutrons incident on 3 μm InP, it is found that the PKA of In/P accounts for a large proportion, which causes displacement damage mainly, and the higher the neutron energy, the richer the variety of PKA is and the greater the maximum kinetic energy of PKA, but the PKAs mainly distribute in the low energy part. The present research has theoretical and guiding value for the long-term application of InP-based 5G devices in atmospheric neutron irradiation environment.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Corresponding author: He Chao-Hui, hechaohui@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Basic Strength Program of China (Grant No. 2019-JCJQ-ZD-267)

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References

[1]	O'Neill P M 2010 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 57 3148
[2]	陈启明, 郭刚, 祁琳, 张付强 2018 科技创新导报 15 127 Google Scholar Chen Q M, Guo G, Qi L, Zhang F Q 2018 Sci. Technol. Innov. Her. 15 127 Google Scholar
[3]	Jay A, Raine M, Richard N, Mousseau N, Goiffon V, Hémeryck A, Magnan P 2017 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 64 141 Google Scholar
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[6]	Messenger S R 1999 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 46 1595 Google Scholar
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[8]	Ruzin A, Casse G, Glaser M, Zanet A, Lemeilleur F, Watts S 1999 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 46 1310 Google Scholar
[9]	Messenger S R, Burke E A, Lorentzen J, Walters R J, Warner J H, Summers G P, Murray S L, Murray C S, Crowley C J, Elkouh N A 2005 Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference FL, USA, Jan 3–7, 2005 p559
[10]	Tonigan A M, Arutt C N, Parma E J, Griffin P J, Fleetwood D M, Schrimpf R D 2018 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65 495 Google Scholar
[11]	Jiang W, Yue C, Cui M Y, et al. 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 119601 Google Scholar
[12]	Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Zschiesche D 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 506 250 Google Scholar
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[14]	郭达禧, 贺朝会, 臧航, 席建琦, 马梨, 杨涛, 张鹏 2013 原子能科学技术 47 1222 Google Scholar Guo D X, He C H, Zang H, Xi J Q, Ma L, Yang T, Zhang P 2013 Atom. Energ. Sci. Technol. 47 1222 Google Scholar
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[17]	唐欣欣, 罗文芸, 王朝壮, 贺新福, 查元梓, 樊胜, 黄小龙, 王传珊 2008 物理学报 57 1266 Google Scholar Tang X X, Luo W H, Wang C Z, He F X, Zha Y Z, Fan S, Huang X L, Wang C S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1266 Google Scholar
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[19]	张利英, 倪伟俊, 敬罕涛, 王相綦 2018 现代应用物理 9 10 Zhang L Y, Ni W J, Jing H T, Wang X Q 2018 Mod. Appl. Phys. 9 10
[20]	Robinson M T, Torrens I M 1974 Phys. Rev. B 9 5008 Google Scholar
[21]	Akkerman A, Barak J 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 260 529 Google Scholar
[22]	Shatalov A, Subramanian S, Klein A 2001 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 2262 Google Scholar
[23]	Walters R J, Messenger S R, Cotal H L, Xapsos M A, Summers G P 1997 J. Appl. Phys. 82 2164 Google Scholar
[24]	杨福家, 王炎森, 陆福全 1993 原子核物理 (上海: 复旦大学出版社) 第195页 Yang F J, Wang Y S, Lu F Q 1993 Nuclear Physics (Shanghai: Fudan University Press) p195 (in Chinese)

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图 1 InP的中子弹性散射截面

Figure 1. Neutron elastic scattering cross section of InP.

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图 2 Geant4模拟的InP结构图

Figure 2. Structure of InP simulated by Geant4.

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图 3 各能量中子在3 μm薄靶内的NIEL深度分布

Figure 3. NIEL depth distribution of neutrons at different energies in the 3 μm thin target.

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图 4 (a)各能量中子在3 cm厚靶内的NIEL深度分布; (b) 1 MeV中子在3 cm厚靶内的NIEL深度分布

Figure 4. (a) NIEL depth distribution of neutrons at different energies in the 3 cm thick target; (b) NIEL depth distribution of 1 MeV neutrons in the 3 cm thick target.

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图 5 1 MeV中子在100 cm厚靶内的NIEL深度分布

Figure 5. NIEL depth distribution of 1 MeV neutrons in the 100 cm thick target.

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图 6 NIEL与中子能量的关系　(a) 3 cm厚靶; (b) 3 μm薄靶

Figure 6. The relationship between NIEL and neutron energy: (a) 3 cm thick target; (b) 3 μm thin target.

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图 7 1—20 MeV中子入射3 μm InP产生的不同种类PKA数目

Figure 7. The number of different PKA produced by 1–20 MeV neutrons incident on 3 μm InP.

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图 8 1—20 MeV中子入射3 μm InP的PKA能谱

Figure 8. The energy spectrum of PKA produced by 1–20 MeV neutrons incident on 3 μm InP.

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表 1 1—20 MeV中子入射3 μm的InP薄靶所得PKA的种类、数目与动能信息

Table 1. The type, number, and energy information of PKA obtained from 3 μm InP thin target irradiated by 1—20 MeV neutrons.

入射中子能量/MeV	反冲核(PKA)种类	最小动能/eV	最大动能/keV	元素占比/%
1.00	^113—116In	1.11	35.01	70.51
1.00	^31—32P	2.48	122.37	29.49
2.54	^113—116In	1.41	89.03	62.08
	^31—32P	14.74	310.69	36.57
	¹H, ³¹Si	1.57	263.36	1.36
5.00	^{113, 115, 116}In	2.33	173.05	59.21
	^31—32P	6.10	612.41	37.57
	¹H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al,	2.21	4283.90	3.22
8.00	^{113, 115}In	1.57	281.82	64.42
	³¹P	17.12	980.54	28.80
	¹H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^{113, 115}Cd	1.00	7282.10	6.78
10.00	^{113, 115}In	1.29	350.53	66.42
	³¹P	1.00	1225.70	25.58
	¹H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ¹¹⁵Cd, ¹¹²Ag	1.00	9287.10	8.00
12.00	^{113, 115}In	1.11	417.21	63.21
	³¹P	1.00	1473.49	27.51
	¹H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^{113, 115}Cd, ¹¹²Ag	1.00	14315.00	9.29
14.00	^{113, 115}In	1.04	492.34	60.26
	³¹P	1.00	1705.77	29.71
	^1—2H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^112—115Cd, ^{110, 112}Ag	1.00	16463.00	10.03
16.00	^{113, 115}In	1.12	556.47	57.82
	³¹P	1.00	1967.15	31.98
	^1—2H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^113—115Cd, ^{110, 112}Ag	1.00	17593.00	10.20
18.00	^{113, 115}In	1.45	631.07	54.70
	³¹P	1.00	2215.82	34.42
	^1—3H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^111—115Cd, ^{110, 112}Ag	1.00	21054.00	10.88
19.90	^{113, 115}In	2.04	703.43	50.34
	³¹P	1.00	2453.43	37.58
	^1—3H, ³¹Si, ⁴He, ²⁸Al, ^111—115Cd, ^{110, 112}Ag	1.00	22391.00	12.08

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[1]	O'Neill P M 2010 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 57 3148
[2]	陈启明, 郭刚, 祁琳, 张付强 2018 科技创新导报 15 127 Google Scholar Chen Q M, Guo G, Qi L, Zhang F Q 2018 Sci. Technol. Innov. Her. 15 127 Google Scholar
[3]	Jay A, Raine M, Richard N, Mousseau N, Goiffon V, Hémeryck A, Magnan P 2017 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 64 141 Google Scholar
[4]	Atmospheric Radiation Effects Whitepaper, Vranish K http://www.kva-engineering.com/pdf/SEU_whitepaper_FAA_Con.pdf [2021-9-8]
[5]	Inguimbert C, Gigante R 2006 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 53 1967 Google Scholar
[6]	Messenger S R 1999 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 46 1595 Google Scholar
[7]	Autran J, Munteanu D 2020 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 67 1428 Google Scholar
[8]	Ruzin A, Casse G, Glaser M, Zanet A, Lemeilleur F, Watts S 1999 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 46 1310 Google Scholar
[9]	Messenger S R, Burke E A, Lorentzen J, Walters R J, Warner J H, Summers G P, Murray S L, Murray C S, Crowley C J, Elkouh N A 2005 Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference FL, USA, Jan 3–7, 2005 p559
[10]	Tonigan A M, Arutt C N, Parma E J, Griffin P J, Fleetwood D M, Schrimpf R D 2018 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65 495 Google Scholar
[11]	Jiang W, Yue C, Cui M Y, et al. 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 119601 Google Scholar
[12]	Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Zschiesche D 2003 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 506 250 Google Scholar
[13]	白雨蓉, 李永宏, 刘方, 廖文龙, 何欢, 杨卫涛, 贺朝会 2021 物理学报 70 172401 Google Scholar Bai Y R, Li Y H, Liu F, Liao W L, He H, Yang W T, He C H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 172401 Google Scholar
[14]	郭达禧, 贺朝会, 臧航, 席建琦, 马梨, 杨涛, 张鹏 2013 原子能科学技术 47 1222 Google Scholar Guo D X, He C H, Zang H, Xi J Q, Ma L, Yang T, Zhang P 2013 Atom. Energ. Sci. Technol. 47 1222 Google Scholar
[15]	谢飞, 臧航, 刘方, 何欢, 廖文龙, 黄煜 2020 物理学报 69 126 Xie F, Zang H, Liu F, He H, Liao W L, Huang Y 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 126
[16]	朱金辉, 韦源, 谢红刚, 牛胜利, 黄流兴 2014 物理学报 63 066102 Google Scholar Zhu J H, Wei Y, Xie H G, Niu S L, Huang L X 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 066102 Google Scholar
[17]	唐欣欣, 罗文芸, 王朝壮, 贺新福, 查元梓, 樊胜, 黄小龙, 王传珊 2008 物理学报 57 1266 Google Scholar Tang X X, Luo W H, Wang C Z, He F X, Zha Y Z, Fan S, Huang X L, Wang C S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 1266 Google Scholar
[18]	吴宜勇, 岳龙, 胡建民, 蓝慕杰, 肖景东, 杨德庄, 何世禹, 张忠卫, 王训春, 钱勇, 陈鸣波 2011 物理学报 60 098110 Google Scholar Wu Y Y, Yue L, Hu J M, Lan M J, Xiao J D, Yang D Z, He S Y, Zhang Z W, Wang X C, Qian Y, Chen M B 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 098110 Google Scholar
[19]	张利英, 倪伟俊, 敬罕涛, 王相綦 2018 现代应用物理 9 10 Zhang L Y, Ni W J, Jing H T, Wang X Q 2018 Mod. Appl. Phys. 9 10
[20]	Robinson M T, Torrens I M 1974 Phys. Rev. B 9 5008 Google Scholar
[21]	Akkerman A, Barak J 2007 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 260 529 Google Scholar
[22]	Shatalov A, Subramanian S, Klein A 2001 IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48 2262 Google Scholar
[23]	Walters R J, Messenger S R, Cotal H L, Xapsos M A, Summers G P 1997 J. Appl. Phys. 82 2164 Google Scholar
[24]	杨福家, 王炎森, 陆福全 1993 原子核物理 (上海: 复旦大学出版社) 第195页 Yang F J, Wang Y S, Lu F Q 1993 Nuclear Physics (Shanghai: Fudan University Press) p195 (in Chinese)

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