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It is noteworthy that since 2010, the number of published and cited scientific papers on optical thermometry has increased exponentially. Optical thermometry technology is about to make a significant process in sensing, therapy, diagnosis, and imaging. The current research mainly focuses on optical thermometry that is developing towards high-sensitivity thermometry. In this work, a new thermometry strategy is proposed based on the different temperature-dependent behaviors between the host ions and the doped ions. Firstly, YVO4:xPr3+(x = 0%–1.5%) phosphors are successfully synthesized by the solid-state method. Then, the structure and luminescence properties of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The XRD results show that Pr3+ ions are successfully incorporated into the YVO4 host, and the sample has a tetragonal phase crystal structure with space group I41/amd. The SEM results show that the samples are rectangular-shaped micron particles with smooth surfaces, and the average grain size is about 2.1 μm. Under the excitation of 320 nm, the sample mainly exhibits broadband blue emission around 440 nm and red emission at 606 nm, which are attributed to the charge transfer transition of
${\text{VO}}_4^{3 - }$ and the 1D2→3H4 transition of Pr3+, respectively. The relationship between the luminescence of the sample and the concentration of Pr3+ is studied. It is found that the optimal doping concentration of Pr3+ is 0.5%, and a higher doping concentration will cause concentration to be quenched. The reason for quenching concentration is the electric dipole-quadrupole interaction. The luminescence peak position of the temperature-dependent spectrum of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ is consistent with that at room temperature. As the temperature increases, the total luminescence intensity gradually decreases, which is caused by thermal quenching, and the mechanism of thermal quenching is analyzed. Since the temperature-dependent behaviors of luminescence of${\text{VO}}_4^{3 - }$ and Pr3+ are significantly different from each other, a new fluorescence intensity ratio thermometry strategy is realized. Temperatures range is 303–353 K, and the maximum absolute sensitivity and relative sensitivity are 0.651 K–1 and 3.112% K–1 at 353 K, respectively, much higher than the traditional thermally coupled level thermometry strategy. In addition, there is no obvious overlap between the emission peaks of${\text{VO}}_4^{3 - }$ and Pr3+, which provides a good discrimination capability for signal detection. The above results show that this work provides a promising path for designing self-reference optical thermometry materials with excellent temperature sensitivity and signal discrimination.-
Keywords:
- luminescence properties /
- optical thermometry /
- fluorescence intensity ratio /
- temperature sensitivity
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图 1 (a) YVO4:xPr3+(x = 0%—1.5%)样品的XRD图谱及YVO4的标准卡片; (b) YVO4:0.5%Pr3+样品的XRD Rietveld精修图谱, 内插图为样品的晶体结构
Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns of YVO4:xPr3+ (x = 0%–1.5%) samples, compared with the standard data of YVO4 reference pattern (JCPDS no. 17–341); (b) XRD Rietveld refinement pattern of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ sample, the inset shows the crystal structure of the sample.
图 2 YVO4:0.5%Pr3+样品在不同放大倍数下的SEM图(a), (b)和粒径分布图(c)
Figure 2. SEM images under different magnifications (a), (b) and particle size distribution of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ sample (c).
图 3 (a) YVO4:0.5%Pr3+在606 nm监测下的激发光谱与320 nm激发下的发射光谱; (b) YVO4:Pr3+的能级跃迁图
Figure 3. (a) Excitation (λem = 606 nm) and emission (λex = 320 nm) spectra of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+; (b) the level transition diagram of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+.
图 4 (a)不同掺杂浓度的YVO4:xPr3+(x = 0.1%—1.5%)在320 nm激发下的发射光谱; (b) $ \log \left( {{{I_0^\prime } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{I_0^\prime } {{I^\prime } - 1}}} \right. } {{I^\prime } - 1}}} \right) $对log(x)的线性拟合图(x≥0.3%)
Figure 4. (a) Emission spectra of YVO4:xPr3+ (x = 0.1%–1.5%) with different doping concentrations under 320 nm excitation; (b) linear fit of $ \log \left( {{{I_0'} /{{I'} - 1}}} \right) $ to log(x) (x≥0.3%).
图 5 (a) YVO4:0.5%Pr3+在303—353 K温度范围内的变温光谱(λex = 320 nm); (b) Pr3+发光热淬灭的位形坐标图
Figure 5. (a) Temperature-dependent spectra of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ in the temperature range of 303–353 K (λex=320 nm); (b) the configuration diagram of thermal quenching of Pr3+ luminescence.
图 6 (a) YVO4:0.5%Pr3+的FIR(I440/I606)随温度的变化; (b)绝对灵敏度Sa和相对灵敏度Sr随温度的变化; (c)连续5个循环的FIR变化
Figure 6. (a) FIR (I440/I606) of YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ versus temperature; (b) temperature dependence of absolute sensitivity Sa and relative sensitivity Sr; (c) variation of the FIR value in 5 consecutive cycles.
表 1 YVO4:0.5%Pr3+样品在XRD Rietveld精修后的相关参数
Table 1. Corresponding parameters of XRD Rietveld refinement for YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ sample.
相结构 空间群 晶胞参数 体积/Å3 质量因子 四方相 I41/amd a = b = 7.125 Å
c = 6.296 Å
α = β = γ = 90º319.63 Rp = 4.60
Rwp = 5.84
Re = 3.01
χ2 = 3.76
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表 2 基于FIR测温荧光粉的灵敏度
Table 2. Sensitivities of phosphors based on FIR thermometry.
Strategies Materials λex/nm Sa/K–1 Sr/(%· K–1) Temperature range/K Ref. TCLs YVO4:1%Er3+ 345 0.0102 1.070 303-573 [23] NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ 980 0.2974 1.174 293-573 [24] Bi2WO6: Tm3+, Yb3+ 980 0.0025 0.144 298-573 [25] Li0.9K0.1NbO3: Pr3+, Er3+ 380 0.0054 1.120 297-443 [26] 808 0.0112 1.284 980 0.0083 1.106 Dual-mode SrMoO4:Pr3+ 449 0.0452 0.98 298–498 [27] GdVO4:0.5%Sm3+ 310 — 1.6 300-480 [13] YVO4:0.5%Pr3+ 320 0.6510 3.112 303-353 This work
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