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Polarization is a property of vector beam that is widely used in many areas of science and technology. And vector beam is also called polarization vortex beam. Radially polarized beam and azimuthally polarized beam are the paradigm of vector beam. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) vector beam could be applied in many fields such as diffractive imaging, Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL), or ultrafast control of magnetic properties. In our experiments, a home-made EUV spectrometer was used to generate a tunable ultrafast EUV coherent light source based on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense femtosecond laser. The apparatus features by using the plane grating in conical diffraction. The radially polarized vector beam and Gaussian beam with 800 nm, 35 fs laser pulses were applied to interact with Argon atoms, respectively. The high harmonic spectrums with a polarization singularity and a Gaussian distribution were observed. The experimental results demonstrate that the EUV vector beam could be transfered from near-infrared driven laser during the highly nonlinear interaction. The short-wavelength radiation with a polarization singularity can reach a photon flux of 108 per second. And the harmonic orders produced by Gaussian beam are significantly higher than that of vector field. The mechanism of macroscopic phase matching was discussed. It indicates that the phase matching for vector harmonic yields is similar with that driven by a Gaussian beam. In this case, EUV vector beam through HHG has been obtained, which provides one important method for attosecond vector pulses and opens new possibilities for exploring and manipulating the time-dependent evolution of quantum states in atom and molecule.
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Keywords:
- high-order harmonic generation /
- extreme ultraviolet vortex field /
- phase matching /
- polarization singularities
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Niu Y 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changchun: Jilin University) (in Chinese)
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图 1 高次谐波产生光谱仪及单色仪实验光路示意图
Figure 1. Sketch of the spectrometer and monochromator with HHG.
图 2 使用激光能量为1.0 mJ, 800 nm, 35 fs线偏高斯光束和径向偏振光束驱动90 torr的氩原子产生的HHG光谱的远场强度分布 (a)高斯光场驱动的部分高次谐波谱; (b)图(a)对应的积分谱; (c)径向偏振光场驱动的涡旋高次谐波谱; (d)图(c)对应的积分谱. x阶谐波在图中标记为Hx
Figure 2. Part of the HHG spectrum of Ar atoms at 90 torr irradiated by a 800 nm, 35 fs linearly polarized and radially polarized driving laser field with laser energy of 1.0 mJ: (a) Part of the HHG spectrum produced by a Gaussian driving beam; (b) the corresponding integrated HHG intensity; (c) part of the HHG spectrum produced by a radially polarized driving beam; (d) the corresponding integrated HHG intensity. The x-order of the harmonics are labeled as Hx in the figure.
图 3 高斯光束和径向偏振光束产生的21阶极紫外光的远场强度分布 (a)高斯光束产生的极紫外光场; (b)径向偏振光束产生的极紫外涡旋场
Figure 3. Far-field intensity distributions of EUV light with the orders of 21st generated with Gaussian beam and radially polarized beam: (a) EUV generated by Gaussian beam; (b) EUV vortex generated by radially polarized beam.
图 4 径向偏振光束产生的不同级次谐波的极紫外涡旋光场的远场强度分布(内插图)和直径分布
Figure 4. Far-field intensity distributions of EUV vortex generated with radially polarized beam and diameters of the EUV vortex rings.
图 5 高斯和涡旋高次谐波在0.9和1.2 mJ光强下随压力的变化趋势 (a) 19阶谐波; (b) 23阶谐波
Figure 5. Yield of the modes as a function of the gas pressure and laser energy for the harmonic and vortex harmonic: (a) Harmonic with the orders of 19th; (b) harmonic with the orders of 23rd.
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[1] 刘义东, 高春清, 高明伟, 李丰 2007 物理学报 56 854
Google Scholar
Liu Y D, Gao C Q, Gao M W, Li F 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 854
Google Scholar
[2] Gibson G, Courtial J, Padgett M J, Vasnetsov M, Pas’ko V, Barnett S M, Franke-Arnold S 2004 Opt. Express 12 5448
Google Scholar
[3] Willig K I, Rizzoli S O, Westphal V, Jahn R, Hell S W 2006 Nature 440 935
Google Scholar
[4] Hell S W, Wichmann J 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 780
Google Scholar
[5] Westpha V, Kastrup L, Hell S W 2003 Appl. Phys. B 77 377
Google Scholar
[6] 雷铭 2009 博士学位论文 (西安: 中国科学院)
Lei M 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xian: Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
[7] Veenendaal M V, McNulty I 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 157401
Google Scholar
[8] Picón A, Benseny A, Mompart J, Vázquez de Aldana J R, Plaja L, Calvo G F, Roso L 2010 Opt. Express 12 1367
[9] Ribič P R, Rösner B, Gauthier D, Allaria E, Döring F, Foglia L, Giannessi L, Mahne N, Manfredda M, Masciovecchio C, Mincigrucci R, Mirian N, Principi E, Roussel E, Simoncig A, Spampinati S, David C, Ninno G D 2017 Phys. Rev. X 7 031036
[10] Totzeck M 1991 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 8 27
[11] Hall G D 1996 Opt. Lett. 21 9
Google Scholar
[12] Schoonover R W, Visser T D 2006 Opt. Express 14 5733
Google Scholar
[13] Zhan Q W 2009 Adv. Opt. Photonics 1 1
Google Scholar
[14] Youngworth K S, Brown T G 2000 Opt. Express 7 77
Google Scholar
[15] Niziev V G, Nesterov A V 1999 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 1455
Google Scholar
[16] Meier M, Romano V, Feurer T 2007 Appl. Phys. A 86 329
Google Scholar
[17] Salamin Y I, Harman Z, Keitel C H 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 155004
Google Scholar
[18] Marceau V, Varin C, Brabec, Piché M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 224801
Google Scholar
[19] Guclu C, Veysi M, Capolino F 2016 ACS Photonics 3 2049
Google Scholar
[20] Hernández-García C, Turpin A, Román J S, Picón A, Drevinskas R, Cerkauskaite A, Kazansky P G, Durfee C G, Sola Í J 2017 Optick 4 520
Google Scholar
[21] Matsuba S, Kawase K, Miyamoto A, Sasaki S, Fujimoto M, Konomi T, Yamamoto N, Hosaka M, Katoh M 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 021106
Google Scholar
[22] ĽHuillier A, Balcou P 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 774
[23] Rego L, Dorney K M, Brooks N J, Nguyen Q L, Liao C T, San R J, Couch D E, Liu A, Pisanty E, Lewenstein M, Plaja L, Kapteyn H C, Murnane M M, Hernandez-Garcia C 2019 Science 364 1253
[24] Xin M, Safak K, Peng M Y, Kalaydzhyan A, Wang W T, Mücke O D, Kärtner F X 2017 Light Sci. Appl. 6 e16187
Google Scholar
[25] Schafer K J, Yang B, DiMauro L F, Kulander K C 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1599
Google Scholar
[26] Corkum P B 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 1994
Google Scholar
[27] Gaarde M B, Tate J L, Schafer K J 2008 J. Phys. B 41 132001
Google Scholar
[28] Hernández-García C 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 327
Google Scholar
[29] Niu Y, Liang H J, Liu Y, Liu F Y, Ma R, Ding D J 2017 Chin. Phys. B 26 074222
Google Scholar
[30] Niu Y, Liu F Y, Liang H J, Liu Y, Yang Y J, Ma R, Ding D J 2017 Opt. Commun. 397 118
Google Scholar
[31] Liang H J, Wang Q X, Fan X, Shan L Y, Feng S, Yan B, Ma R, Xu H F 2018 Chin. J. Chem. Phys. 4 31
[32] 牛永 2017 博士学位论文 (长春: 吉林大学)
Niu Y 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Changchun: Jilin University) (in Chinese)
[33] Lai C J, Cirmi G, Hong K H, Moses J, Huang S W, Granados E, Keathley P, Bhardwaj S, Kärtner F X 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 073901
[34] Frassetto, Poletto L F 2009 Appl. Opt. 48 5363
Google Scholar
[35] Winterfeldt C, Spielmann C, Gerber G 2008 Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 117
Google Scholar
[36] Rudawski P, Heyl C M, Brizuela F, Schwenke J, Persson A, Mansten E, Rakowski R, Rading L, Campi F, Kim B, Johnsson P, L’Huillier A 2013 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84 073103
Google Scholar
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