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For the reverberation experiments with a near surface source or receiver, surface reverberation arriving first after source signal is not influenced by bottom reverberation due to time-delay difference of acoustic multipath in deep water. A surface reverberation model is proposed in the paper. The Green’s function of sound propagation is described by the ray theory, and first-order small-slope approximation is employed for the surface scattering from full angle. The effect of bubbles scattering is also considered to get the surface reverberation theory. The reverberation model is verified by comparing the simulation results with the experimental data. The measured data show that the decaying rate of surface reverberation intensity decreases with the frequency increasing. Numerical calculation demonstrates that the frequency dependence is caused by the positive correlation between scattering strength and frequency, and the surface reverberation at low frequency for low sea state is dominated by the scattering from rough air-sea interface. Moreover, the reverberation data from experiment show that the surface reverberation is not sensitive to the change of receiving depth. A method of inversion for the two surface-wave spectral parameters in the model is achieved based on the reverberation model. The inversion results verify that the spectral parameters of rough surface can be obtained from surface reverberation data on the premise of the wind speed parameter. As a result, the scattering properties of rough interface will be obtained.
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Keywords:
- deep-water reverberation /
- small-slope approximation /
- ray /
- scattering at surface roughness
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Google Scholar
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[5] Niitzel B, Herwig H, Monti J M, Koenigs P D 1987 The Influence of Surface Roughness and Bubbles on Sea Surface Acoustic Backscattering (New London: NUSC Tech. Rep. 7955, Naval Underwater Systems Center) pp1−61
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[14] Bass F G, Fuks I M 1978 Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces (New York: Pergamon Press) p103
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[21] Gauss R C, Fialkowski J M 2000 Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, Lyon, France, July 10−13, 2000 1165
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图 1 实测环境数据 (a)声速剖面; (b)平均风速
Figure 1. Data of experimental environment: (a) Sound speed profile; (b) average wind speed.
图 2 实测海面混响强度衰减趋势 (a) 接收深度31 m; (b) 接收深度86 m
Figure 2. Decaying trend of surface reverberation intensity measured in deep water: (a) Receiving at depth of 31 m; (b) receiving at depth of 86 m.
图 3 声线轨迹示意图 (a)声源深度31 m; (b)声源深度86 m
Figure 3. Geometry of ray trace: (a) Receiving at depth of 31 m; (b) receiving at depth of 86 m.
图 4 实测混响数据比对 (a)不同接收深度间比较; (b)不同频率间比较
Figure 4. Comparison of reverberation data measured in deep water: (a) Comparison between different depths; (b) comparison among different frequencies.
图 5 深海海面混响示意图
Figure 5. Scenario of surface reverberation in deep water.
图 6 不同频率下界面反向散射强度随掠射角变化关系 (a)气泡和界面散射强度; (b)界面和总散射强度
Figure 6. Grazing-angle dependence of backscattering strength at different frequency: (a) Scattering strength of bubble and interface; (b) scattering strength of interface and the superposition of bubble and interface.
图 7 海面混响强度拟合 (a) 接收深度31 m; (b) 接收深度86 m
Figure 7. Comparison between modeling simulation and measured data: (a) Receiving at depth of 31 m; (b) receiving at depth of 86 m.
图 8 掠射角随时间的变化关系
Figure 8. Relationship between grazing angles and time.
图 9 海面散射强度与时间关系反演结果 (a) 接收深度31 m; (b) 接收深度86 m
Figure 9. Inversion results of the time dependence of surface scattering strength: (a) Receiving at depth of 31 m; (b) receiving at depth of 86 m.
图 10 海面粗糙界面谱参数反演结果 (a) 接收深度31 m; (b) 接收深度86 m
Figure 10. Inversion results of the parameters of rough interface: (a) Receiving at depth of 31 m; (b) receiving at depth of 86 m.
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[1] Bergmann P G, Spitzer L 1946 Summary Tech. Rep. 8 6
[2] Chapman R P, Harris J H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1592
Google Scholar
[3] Bachmann W 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 712
Google Scholar
[4] Crowther P A 1980 Collection in Cavitation and Inhomogeneities is Underwater Acoustics (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p194
[5] Niitzel B, Herwig H, Monti J M, Koenigs P D 1987 The Influence of Surface Roughness and Bubbles on Sea Surface Acoustic Backscattering (New London: NUSC Tech. Rep. 7955, Naval Underwater Systems Center) pp1−61
[6] McDaniel S T 1988 Collection in Sea Surface Sound (Dordrecht: Springer) p225
[7] McDaniel S T 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94 1551
Google Scholar
[8] McDaniel S T 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94 1905
Google Scholar
[9] Richter R M 1964 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36 864
Google Scholar
[10] Ogden P M, Erskine F T 1994 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96 2908
Google Scholar
[11] Ogden P M, Erskine F T 1994 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95 746
Google Scholar
[12] Schneider H G 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 770
Google Scholar
[13] Ellis D D 1995 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 2804
Google Scholar
[14] Bass F G, Fuks I M 1978 Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces (New York: Pergamon Press) p103
[15] Voronovich A G 1986 Progress in Underwater Acoustics Plenum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, July 16−18, 1986 p25
[16] Dashen R, Henyey F S, Wurmser D 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 88 310
Google Scholar
[17] Maue A W 1949 Z. Phys. 126 601
Google Scholar
[18] Kampen N G 1981 Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry (Amsterdam: North Holland) p66
[19] Gauss R G, Gragg R F, Wurmser D, Fialkowski J M 2002 Nasa Sti/recon Technical Report 8
[20] Jackson D R, Winebrenner D P, Ishimaru A 1986 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79 1410
Google Scholar
[21] Gauss R C, Fialkowski J M 2000 Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Underwater Acoustics, Lyon, France, July 10−13, 2000 1165
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