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Spintronics is a particularly hot topic in recent years, which has aroused much attention. The spin freedom of electrons can be used to construct logic devices and memory devices. Generally, the most important spintronic properties are found in half-metal ferromagnets, which are considered as the ideal materials for building spintronic devices due to their ability to provide fully spin-polarised conduction electrons. Numerous experimental data and theoretical studies have confirmed that the intercalation, doping and adsorption of transition metal atoms can induce magnetic properties in two-dimensional WS2 material. Therefore, half-metal ferromagnets formed by doping WS2 play an important role in the field of spintronics. In this paper, we investigate the electronic structure, magnetic and optical properties of the WS2 doped with transition metal atoms X (X = Mn, Tc, Re) by the first-principles plane wave method based on density functional theory. The results show that the WS2 system doped with transition metal atoms X is more stable under S-rich condition than under W-rich condition. Especially, the WS2 system doped with Tc has a minimum value of formation energy of –1.292 eV under S-rich condition. After doping with Mn, impurity levels appear in the spin-up channels, resulting in the WS2 system changing from a non-magnetic semiconductor to half-metal ferromagnet with a magnetic moment of 1.001
$ {\text{μ}}_{\text{B}} $ . Moreover, in the Mn-doped system, the densities of states are asymmetric in the spin-up channel and the spin-down channel. After being doped with Tc and Re, the systems are transformed into non-magnetic N-type semiconductors, and the densities of states in spin-up and spin-down channels are symmetric in Tc doping system and Re doping system. Whereafter, the spin orbit splitting of the impurity states near the Fermi level EF decreases successively from Mn to Re doped WS2 systems. Compared with the undoped two-dimensional WS2, the transition metal atoms X doped WS2 systems show that all doped systems not only have a significant red shift of optical absorption edges but also enhance peak value in infrared and visible light region, implying that the transition metal atoms X doped WS2 systems have great application prospects in infrared and visible light detection. We hope that thepresent study of two-dimensional WS2 will provide useful theoretical guidance for future experiments to explore low-dimensional spintronic materials.-
Keywords:
- two-dimensional WS2 materials /
- magnetic properties /
- electronic structure /
- optical properties
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图 1 过渡金属原子X (X = Mn, Tc, Re) 掺杂二维WS2的结构 (灰色球、紫色球和黄色球分别表示W, X和S原子) (a) 俯视图; (b) 侧视图
Figure 1. Structure of transition metal atom X (X = Mn, Tc, Re) doped two-dimensional WS2 (the gray, purple, and yellow balls denote W, X and S atoms, respectively): (a) Top view; (b) side view.
图 2 能带结构(红色表示上自旋电子能带, 蓝色表示下自旋电子能带, 绿色水平虚线代表EF为零值) (a) 二维WS2; (b) Mn掺杂; (c) Tc掺杂; (d) Re掺杂
Figure 2. Energy band structures (The red lines indicate spin-up electron energy band, the blue lines indicate spin-down electron energy band, the green horizontal dashed lines represent zero value of Fermi energy level EF): (a) Two-dimensional WS2; (b) Mn doped; (c) Tc doped; (d) Re doped.
图 3 TDOSs与 PDOSs (a) 二维WS2; (b) Mn掺杂; (c) Tc掺杂; (d) Re掺杂
Figure 3. The TDOSs and PDOSs: (a) Two-dimensional WS2; (b) Mn doped; (c) Tc doped; (d) Re doped.
图 4 未掺杂与掺杂二维WS2的光学性质 (a) 介电函数实部
$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{1}}\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (b) 介电函数虚部$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{2}}\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (c) 折射系数$ n\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (d) 吸收系数$ \alpha \text{(}\omega \text{)} $ Figure 4. Optical properties of undoped and doped two-dimensional WS2: (a) The real part of the dielectric constant
$ {\text{}\varepsilon }_{\text{1}}\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (b) the imaginary part of the dielectric constant$ {\varepsilon }_{\text{2}}\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (c) the refractive index$ n\text{(}\omega \text{)} $ ; (d) absorption coefficient$ \alpha \text{(}\omega \text{)} $ .表 1 未掺杂、掺杂二维WS2的体系优化后的晶格常数a (a = b) 、键长dX-S 、键角θS-X-S 以及体系在S-rich和W-rich条件下的形成能Eform
Table 1. Optimized lattice constants a (a = b), bond lengths dX-S , bond angles θS-X-S , and formation energies Eform of the system under S-rich and W-rich conditions for the undoped and doped two-dimensional WS2 systems.
体系类型 a = b/Å dX-S/Å θS-X-S/(°) Eform/eV S-rich W-rich 未掺杂 3.182 2.416(dw-s) 82.351(θS-W-S) — — Mn掺杂 3.173 2.319 82.445 –0.662 1.810 Tc掺杂 3.187 2.398 82.879 –1.292 1.180 Re掺杂 3.191 2.399 82.916 –0.668 1.804 
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表 2 未掺杂与掺杂二维WS2体系的总磁矩Mtot、TM原子X的局部磁矩MX、与TM原子X最近邻S原子的局部磁矩MS以及与TM原子X最邻近W原子的局部磁矩MW
Table 2. Total magnetic moments Mtot, the local magnetic moments MX of TM atom X, the local magnetic moments MS of nearest S atom to TM atom X and the local magnetic moments MW of nearest W atom to TM atom X for undoped and doped two-dimensional WS2 systems.
体系类型 Mtot/$ {\text{μ}}_{\text{B}} $ MX/$ {\text{μ}}_{\text{B}} $ MS/$ {\text{μ}}_{\text{B}} $ MW/$ {\text{μ}}_{\text{B}} $ 未掺杂 — — — — Mn掺杂 1.001 1.087 0.006 0.010 Tc掺杂 — — — — Re掺杂 — — — —
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表 3 自旋向上通道的带隙
$ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\uparrow } $ 、自旋向下通道的带隙$ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\downarrow } $ 、体系的磁特性以及导电特性Table 3. Band gaps in the spin-up channel
$ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\uparrow } $ , spin-down channel$ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\downarrow } $ , the magnetic and electronic properties.体系类型 $ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\uparrow } $/eV $ {E}_{\text{g}}^{\downarrow } $/eV 磁特性 导电特性 未掺杂 1.813 1.813 非磁性 半导体 Mn掺杂 0.018 1.125 磁性 半金属 Tc掺杂 1.416 1.416 非磁性 N型半导体 Re掺杂 1.516 1.516 非磁性 N型半导体
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[1] Žutić I, Fabian J, Sarma S D 2004 Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 323
Google Scholar
[2] De Groot R, Mueller F, van Engen P, Buschow K 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 2024
Google Scholar
[3] 何聪丽, 许洪军, 汤建, 王潇, 魏晋武, 申世鹏, 陈庆强, 邵启明, 于国强, 张广宇, 王守国 2021 物理学报 70 127501
Google Scholar
He C L, Xu H J, Tang J, Wang X, Wei J W, Shen S P, Chen Q Q, Shao Q M, Yu G Q, Zhang G Y Wang S G 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 127501
Google Scholar
[4] 俞洋, 张文杰, 赵婉莹, 林贤, 金钻明, 刘伟民, 马国宏 2019 物理学报 68 017201
Google Scholar
Yu Y, Zhang W J, Zhao W Y, Lin X, Jin Z M, Liu W M, Ma G H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 017201
Google Scholar
[5] Tiwari S K, Sahoo S, Wang N, Huczko A 2020 J. Sci.: Adv. Mater. Dev. 5 10
Google Scholar
[6] Shen C, Ying J, Liu L, Liu J, Li N, Wang S, Tang J, Zhao Y, Chu Y, Watanabe K 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 047301
Google Scholar
[7] Du J, Lyu B, Shan W, Chen J, Zhou X, Xie J, Deng A, Hu C, Liang Q, Xie G 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 056301
Google Scholar
[8] Zhang X, Pan G, Zhang Y, Kang J, Meng Z Y 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 077305
Google Scholar
[9] Fu Q, Han J, Wang X, Xu P, Yao T, Zhong J, Zhong W, Liu S, Gao T, Zhang Z 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 1907818
Google Scholar
[10] Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhang S, He J, Yu J, Liu Z 2019 J. Nano Res. 12 2695
Google Scholar
[11] Hu Z, Wu Z, Han C, He J, Ni Z, Chen W 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 3100
Google Scholar
[12] Luan Q, Yang C L, Wang M S, Ma X G 2017 Chin. J. Phys. 55 1930
Google Scholar
[13] Chen Y, Chen Y, Ning J, Chen L, Zhuang W, He L, Zhang R, Xu Y, Wang X 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 017104
Google Scholar
[14] Zhao Y, Liu B, Yang J, He J, Jiang J 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 088501
Google Scholar
[15] Zhang M L, Zou X M, Liu X Q 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 118501
Google Scholar
[16] Zhou S H, Zhou C W, Yang X D, Li Y, Zhong J Q, Mao H Y 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 057305
Google Scholar
[17] Wang Z, Qiu J J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Huang X, Huang W 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 6128
Google Scholar
[18] 周倩玉, 李鑫, 刘灏, 戴三瑜, 王世锋 2021 电子元件与材料 40 10
Google Scholar
Zhou Q Y, Li X, Liu H, Dai S Y, Wang S F 2021 Electr. Comp. Mater 40 10
Google Scholar
[19] Rapoport L, Leshchinsky V, Lapsker I, Volovik Y, Nepomnyashchy O, Lvovsky M, Popovitz-Biro R, Feldman Y, Tenne R 2003 wear 255 785
Google Scholar
[20] Farkous M, Bikerouin M, Thuan D V, Benhouria Y, El-Yadri M, Feddi E, Erguig H, Dujardin F, Nguyen C V, Hieu N V 2020 Physica E 116 113799
Google Scholar
[21] 令维军, 夏涛, 董忠, 刘勍, 路飞平, 王勇刚 2017 物理学报 66 114207
Google Scholar
Lin W J, Xia T, Dong Z, Liu Q, Lu F P, Wang Y G 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 114207
Google Scholar
[22] Sun S, Dang J, Xie X, Yu Y, Yang L, Xiao S, Wu S, Peng K, Song F, Wang Y 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 087801
Google Scholar
[23] Zhang D, Cao Y, Yang Z, Wu J 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 11979
Google Scholar
[24] Zhou Q, Duan J, Yang X, Duan Y, Tang Q 2020 Angew. Chem. 132 22181
Google Scholar
[25] Kang K, Fu S, Shayan K, Anthony Y, Dadras S, Yuzan X, Kazunori F, Terrones M, Zhang W, Strauf S 2020 Nanotechnol. 32 095708
Google Scholar
[26] Xiao S L, Yu W Z, Gao S P 2016 Surf. Sci. 653 107
Google Scholar
[27] Xie L Y, Zhang J M 2017 Superlattice Microst. 112 224
Google Scholar
[28] Wang M M, Zhang J M, Ali A, Wei X M, Huang Y H 2021 Physica E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 134 114917
Google Scholar
[29] Urbanová V, Lazar P, Antonatos N, Sofer Z k, Otyepka M, Pumera M 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 20383
Google Scholar
[30] Singh N, Schwingenschlögl U 2016 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 23886
Google Scholar
[31] Hafner J 2008 J. Comput. Chem 29 2044
Google Scholar
[32] Gross E K, Dreizler R M 2013 Density Functional Theory (Vol. 337) (Springer Science & Business Media)
[33] Bishal G 2019 Comput. Condens. Matter 18 e00352
Google Scholar
[34] Zhu Y Y, Zhang J M 2018 Superlattice Microst. 117 155
Google Scholar
[35] Gillan M 1989 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1 689
Google Scholar
[36] Dolui K, Rungger I, Pemmaraju C D, Sanvito S 2013 Phys. Rev. B 88 075420
Google Scholar
[37] Yang Y, Feng Z Y, Zhang J M 2019 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 486 165255
Google Scholar
[38] Zhu Y Y, Zhang J M 2017 Superlattice Microst. 112 619
Google Scholar
[39] Manchon A, Koo H C, Nitta J, Frolov S, Duine R 2015 Nat. Mater. 14 871
Google Scholar
[40] Yang G, Gao S P 2021 Nanoscale 13 17057
Google Scholar
[41] Qiu B, Zhao X, Hu G, Yue W, Yuan X, Ren J 2020 Physica E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 116 113729
Google Scholar
[42] Shu H 2020 Mater. Sci. Eng. B 261 114672
Google Scholar
[43] Cong C, Shang J, Wang Y, Yu T 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 1700767
Google Scholar
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