Hundreds-petawatt laser pulses shaping and heavy ion acceleration based on conical plasma channels

Zhao Na; Ou-yang Jian-Ming; Zou De-Bin; Zhang Guo-Bo; Gan Long-Fei; Shao Fu-Qiu

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240696

Abstract

In this work, the effects of conical plasma channels on the laser pulses shaping and the heavy ion acceleration under the extreme light field conditions of hundreds-petawatt are investigated by using a particle simulation method. The law of influence of the conical plasma channel on the spatio-temporal waveform and intensity of the incident laser is analyzed, when the quantum electrodynamics (QED) effect is taken into account. The reason for the shaping laser-enhanced heavy ion acceleration is given, and the role of the QED effect in the acceleration process is explained.It is found that due to the non-linear interference and focusing effects, the conical plasma channel can shape the spatio-temporal waveform of the laser pulse and enhance the laser intensity. A tightly focused (beam waist radius < 1 μm) and ultra-high intensity (enhanced 6 times) shaping laser is obtained for a linearly polarized laser with an intensity of 5.46×10²² W/cm² and a waist radius of 10 μm at an incident angle of θ = 10°. In the simulation, the conical plasma channel is filled by fully ionized high-Z gold plasma with an electron density up to n_e = 2626.5n_c. Therefore most of the laser energy in the channel is reflected by the channel wall, and the QED effect has less influence on laser focusing and shaping. This laser is used to accelerate an ultra-thin flat target placed at the end of the channel. It is found that the radiation reaction force can effectively suppress the transverse expansion of the ultra-thin flat target, caused by the electron heating and the transverse non-uniform of the laser intensity. The transparency time of the ultra-thin flat target is prolonged, which will allow the gold ions to be fully accelerated. Ultimately, the gold ions can reach up to about 240 GeV in cutoff energy. These results are expected to provide theoretical reference and technical support for designing the future experiments on hundreds-petawatt laser heavy ion acceleration and their applications in high-quality ion source, such as nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Microelectronics and Physics, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
2.
College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Guo-Bo, zgb830@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12305268, 12175310, 12075014), the Scientific Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China (Grant Nos. 22B0655, 22A0435), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant Nos. 2024JJ6184, 2022JJ20042, 2023JJ30195), and the Research Projects of National University of Defense Technology, China (Grant No. ZK21-12).

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References

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[11]	蒋康男, 冯珂, 柯林佟, 余昌海, 张志钧, 秦志勇, 刘建胜, 王文涛, 李儒新 2021 物理学报 70 084103 Google Scholar Jiang K N, Feng K, Ke L T, Yu C H, Zhang Z J, Qin Z Y, Liu J S, Wang W T, Li R X 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 084103 Google Scholar
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[14]	Lindner F H, McCary E, Jiao X, Ostermayr T M, Roycroft R, Tiwari G, Hegelich B M, Schreiber J, Thirolf P G 2019 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 61 055002 Google Scholar
[15]	Wang P, Gong Z, Lee S G, Shou Y, Geng Y, Jeon C, Kim I J, Lee H W, Yoon J W, Sung J H, Lee S K, Kong D, Liu J, Mei Z, Cao Z, Pan Z, Choi I W, Yan X, Nam C H, Ma W 2021 Phys. Rev. X 11 021049 Google Scholar
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[23]	Vshivkov V A, Naumova N M, Pegoraro F, Bulanov S V 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2727 Google Scholar
[24]	Ji L L, Shen B F, Zhang X M, Wang F C, Jin Z Y, Xia C Q, Wen M, Wang W P, Xu J C, Yu M Y 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 215005 Google Scholar
[25]	Mackenroth F, Bulanov S S 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 023103 Google Scholar
[26]	Liu P, Qu J F, Liu X Y, Li X F, Cai L, Tang J Y, Kong Q 2020 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23 011303 Google Scholar
[27]	Zou D B, Zhuo H B, Yang X H, Yu T P, Shao F Q, Pukhov A 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 063103 Google Scholar
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[29]	朱兴龙, 王伟民, 余同普, 何峰, 陈民, 翁苏明, 陈黎明, 李玉同, 盛政明, 张杰 2021 物理学报 70 085202 Google Scholar Zhu X L, Wang W M, Yu T P, He F, Chen M, Weng S M, Chen L M, Li Y T, Sheng Z M, Zhang J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 085202 Google Scholar
[30]	Open Source Code EPOCH https://github.com/Warwick-Plasma/epoch
[31]	Ridgers C P, Brady C S, Duclous R, Kirk J G, Bennett K, Arber T D, Robinson A P L, Bell A R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 165006 Google Scholar
[32]	Bijoy Krishna Das 2003 Ph. D. Thesis (Paderborn: Université de Paderborn
[33]	Zhuo H B, Chen Z L, Yu W, Sheng Z M, Yu M Y, Jin Z, Kodama R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 065003 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 t = 50T₀时, 百拍瓦激光与不同参数的锥形等离子体通道相互作用时横向电场E_y的空间分布, 电场归一化到m_eω₀c/e. 图中黑框为初始时刻靶的位置　(a), (c), (e) 固定r = 3 μm, θ分别为5°, 10°和20°; (b), (d), (f) 固定θ = 10°, r分别为1, 5 和8 μm

Figure 1. Spatial distributions of the transverse electric field E_y in the interactions of the hundreds-petawatt laser pulse with conical plasma channels of different parameters at t = 50T₀. Here, the electric fields E_y are normalized by m_eω₀c/e. The black boxes in the figures show the positions of the targets at the initial moment: (a), (c), (e) Plasma channels with fixed end opening radius r = 3 μm and θ are 5°, 10°, and 20°, respectively; (b), (d), (f) plasma channels with fixed θ = 10° and r are 1, 5 and 8 μm, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 t = 50T₀时, 百拍瓦激光与不同参数的锥形等离子体通道相互作用时y = 0 μm位置的横向电场E_y分布(a), (b)及其最大值位置的径向分布(c), (d), 电场归一化到m_eω₀c/e　(a), (c) 固定r = 3 μm, θ分别为5°, 10°和20°; (b), (d) 固定θ = 10°, r分别为1, 5和8 μm. 作为比较, 图中黑线为激光脉冲在真空中传播时的情况

Figure 2. Distributions of the transverse electric fields E_y along y = 0 μm ((a), (b)) and radial distributions at the location of the maximum E_y ((c), (d)) when the hundreds-petawatt laser pulse interacts with conical plasma channels of different parameters at t = 50T₀. Here, the electric fields E_y are normalized by m_eω₀c/e: (a), (c) Channels with fixed end opening radius r = 3 μm and θ are 5°, 10°, and 20°, respectively; (b), (d) channels with fixed θ = 10° and r are 1, 5 and 8 μm, respectively. For comparison, the black lines in the figures represent the propagation of the laser pulses in vacuum.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 通道靶(a), (b)和平板靶(d), (e)的Au⁷⁹⁺离子平均能量的空间分布演化, 离子平均能量归一化到m_ec². 通道靶和平板靶的Au⁷⁹⁺离子能谱演化(c)和能量转换效率η随时间的演化(f)

Figure 3. Evolutions of the spatial distribution of the average energy of Au⁷⁹⁺ ions for the channel target ((a), (b)) and the flat target ((d), (e)). Here, the average energy of the ions is normalized by m_ec². Temporal evolutions of the energy spectra of Au⁷⁹⁺ ions (c) and the energy conversion efficiencies η from laser to all the particles, Au ions, electrons and gamma photons (f) for the channel target and the flat target.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 t = 50T₀时刻, 通道靶和平板靶的(a), (d)坡印亭矢量分量S_x的空间分布; (b), (e)离子密度n_i, 电子密度n_e和纵向电场E_x在y = 0 μm位置的轴向分布; (c), (f)电子能谱. 其中S_x的单位为W/cm², 离子密度n_i、电子密度n_e和纵向电场E_x分别归一化到n_c, Zn_c和m_eω₀c/e

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of S_x (the x-direction component of the Poynting vector) (a), (d), axial distribution of ion density n_i, electron density n_e, and longitudinal electric field E_x along y = 0 μm (b), (e) and electron energy spectrum (c), (f) for the channel target (conical, (a)–(c) and the flat target (flat, (d)–(f)) at t = 50T₀. Here, the unit of S_x is W/cm², and the ion density n_i, electron density n_e, and longitudinal electric field E_x are normalized by n_c, Zn_c and m_eω₀c/e, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 考虑(w)和不考虑(w/o) QED效应时, 百拍瓦激光脉冲与锥形等离子体通道相互作用时y = 0 μm位置的横向电场E_y(a)及其最大值位置的径向分布(d), 其中电场归一化到m_eω₀c/e. 不考虑QED效应时, 通道靶情况的电子能谱(b)、Au⁷⁹⁺离子能谱(c)、Au⁷⁹⁺离子平均能量分布(e)及离子密度n_i、电子密度n_e和纵向电场E_x在y = 0 μm位置的分布(f). 离子密度n_i、电子密度n_e、纵向电场E_x和离子平均能量分别归一化到n_c, Zn_c, m_eω₀c/e和m_ec²

Figure 5. With (w) and without (w/o) considering the QED effect, the distribution of the transverse electric field E_y along y = 0 μm (a) and radial distribution at the location of the maximum E_y (d) when the hundreds-petawatt laser pulse interacts with conical channel target. Here, the electric field E_y are normalized by m_eω₀c/e. Without considering the QED effect, the electron spectrum (b), Au⁷⁹⁺ ion spectrum (c), the distribution of the average energy of Au⁷⁹⁺ ion (e), and the distribution of ion density n_i, electron density n_e, and longitudinal electric field E_x along y = 0 μm (f). Here, the ion density n_i, electron density n_e, longitudinal electric field E_x, and the average energy of Au⁷⁹⁺ ion are normalized by n_c, Zn_c, m_eω₀c/e and m_ec², respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a) 考虑(w)和不考虑(w/o) QED效应时Au⁷⁹⁺离子截止能量随通道末端超薄平靶厚度d的演化; (b) 考虑(w) QED效应时Au⁷⁹⁺离子截止能量同锥型等离子体通道轴向长度L值的关系

Figure 6. (a) Relationship between the cutoff energy of Au⁷⁹⁺ ions and the thickness d of the ultra-thin flat target at the end of the conical channel when considering (w) and not considering (w/o) the QED effect; (b) the relationship between the cutoff energy of Au⁷⁹⁺ ions and the axial length L of the conical plasma channel when considering the QED effect.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Gonoskov A, Blackburn T G, Marklund M, Bulanov S S 2022 Rev. Mod. Phys. 94 045001 Google Scholar
[2]	Domański J, Badziak J 2024 Phys. Plasmas 31 023110 Google Scholar
[3]	Daido H, Nishiuchi M, Pirozhkov A S 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 056401 Google Scholar
[4]	Badziak J, Domański J 2023 Phys. Plasmas 30 053107 Google Scholar
[5]	Danson C N, Haefner C, Bromage J, Butcher T, Chanteloup J C F, Chowdhury E A, Galvanauskas A, Gizzi L A, Hein J, Hillier D I, Hopps N W, KatoY, Khazanov E A, Kodama R, Korn G, Li R X, Li Y T, Limpert J, Ma J G, Nam C H, Neely D, Papadopoulos D, Penman R R, Qian L J, Rocca J J, Shaykin A A, Siders C W, Spindloe C, Szatmári S, Trines R M G M, Zhu J Q, Zhu P, Zuegel J D 2019 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 7 e54 Google Scholar
[6]	Gonsalves A J, Nakamura K, Daniels J, et al. 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 084801 Google Scholar
[7]	Ke L T, Feng K, Wang W T, Qin Z Y, Yu C H, Wu Y, Chen Y, Qi R, Zhang Z J, Xu Y, Yang X J, Leng Y X, Liu J S, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 214801 Google Scholar
[8]	王贻芳, 鲁巍 2022 科学通报 67 805 Google Scholar Wang Y F, Lu W 2022 Chin. Sci. Bull. 67 805 Google Scholar
[9]	马文君, 刘志鹏, 王鹏杰, 赵家瑞, 颜学庆 2021 物理学报 70 084102 Google Scholar Ma W J, Liu Z P, Wang P J, Zhao J R, Yan X Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 084102 Google Scholar
[10]	张普渡, 王伟权, 李哲民, 张资旋, 王叶晨, 周泓宇, 银燕 2023 物理学报 72 184103 Google Scholar Zhang P D, Wang W Q, Li Z M, Zhang Z X, Wang Y C, Zhou H Y, Yin Y 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 184103 Google Scholar
[11]	蒋康男, 冯珂, 柯林佟, 余昌海, 张志钧, 秦志勇, 刘建胜, 王文涛, 李儒新 2021 物理学报 70 084103 Google Scholar Jiang K N, Feng K, Ke L T, Yu C H, Zhang Z J, Qin Z Y, Liu J S, Wang W T, Li R X 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 084103 Google Scholar
[12]	Jung D, Yin L, Gautier D C, Wu H C, Letzring S, Dromey B, Shah R, Palaniyappan S, Shimada T, Johnson R P, Schreiber J, Habs D, Fernández J C, Hegelich B M, Albright B J 2013 Phys. Plasmas 20 083103 Google Scholar
[13]	Braenzel J, Andreev A A, Platonov K, Klingsporn M, Ehrentraut L, Sandner W, Schnurer M 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 124801 Google Scholar
[14]	Lindner F H, McCary E, Jiao X, Ostermayr T M, Roycroft R, Tiwari G, Hegelich B M, Schreiber J, Thirolf P G 2019 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 61 055002 Google Scholar
[15]	Wang P, Gong Z, Lee S G, Shou Y, Geng Y, Jeon C, Kim I J, Lee H W, Yoon J W, Sung J H, Lee S K, Kong D, Liu J, Mei Z, Cao Z, Pan Z, Choi I W, Yan X, Nam C H, Ma W 2021 Phys. Rev. X 11 021049 Google Scholar
[16]	李儒新 2020 强激光与粒子束 32 011002 Li R X 2020 High Power Laser Part. Beams 32 011002
[17]	Shao B, Li Y, Peng Y, Wang P, Qian J, Leng Y, Li R 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 2215 Google Scholar
[18]	Extreme Light Infrastructure https://eli-laser.eu/
[19]	Zhao N, Zou D B, Jiang X R, Yu T P, Yu M Y, Liu K, Huang T W, Zhang H, Wu S Z, Hu L X, Zhang G B, Yin Y, Shao F Q, Zhuo H B, Zhou C T 2021 Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 63 035009 Google Scholar
[20]	张大成, 葛韩星, 巴雨璐, 汶伟强, 张怡, 陈冬阳, 汪寒冰, 马新文 2023 物理学报 72 193201 Google Scholar Zhang D C, Ge H X, Ba Y L, Wen W Q, Zhang Y, Chen D Y, Wang H B, Ma X W 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 193201 Google Scholar
[21]	Wu D, Qiao B, He X T 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 093108 Google Scholar
[22]	Wang H Y, Lin C, Sheng Z M, Liu B, Zhao S, Guo Z Y, Lu Y R, He X T, Chen J E, Yan X Q 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 265002 Google Scholar
[23]	Vshivkov V A, Naumova N M, Pegoraro F, Bulanov S V 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 2727 Google Scholar
[24]	Ji L L, Shen B F, Zhang X M, Wang F C, Jin Z Y, Xia C Q, Wen M, Wang W P, Xu J C, Yu M Y 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 215005 Google Scholar
[25]	Mackenroth F, Bulanov S S 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 023103 Google Scholar
[26]	Liu P, Qu J F, Liu X Y, Li X F, Cai L, Tang J Y, Kong Q 2020 Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 23 011303 Google Scholar
[27]	Zou D B, Zhuo H B, Yang X H, Yu T P, Shao F Q, Pukhov A 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 063103 Google Scholar
[28]	吉亮亮, 耿学松, 伍艺通, 沈百飞, 李儒新 2021 物理学报 70 085203 Google Scholar Ji L L, Geng X S, Wu Y T, Shen B F, Li R X 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 085203 Google Scholar
[29]	朱兴龙, 王伟民, 余同普, 何峰, 陈民, 翁苏明, 陈黎明, 李玉同, 盛政明, 张杰 2021 物理学报 70 085202 Google Scholar Zhu X L, Wang W M, Yu T P, He F, Chen M, Weng S M, Chen L M, Li Y T, Sheng Z M, Zhang J 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 085202 Google Scholar
[30]	Open Source Code EPOCH https://github.com/Warwick-Plasma/epoch
[31]	Ridgers C P, Brady C S, Duclous R, Kirk J G, Bennett K, Arber T D, Robinson A P L, Bell A R 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 165006 Google Scholar
[32]	Bijoy Krishna Das 2003 Ph. D. Thesis (Paderborn: Université de Paderborn
[33]	Zhuo H B, Chen Z L, Yu W, Sheng Z M, Yu M Y, Jin Z, Kodama R 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 065003 Google Scholar

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Vol. 73, Issue 16 - 2024-08-20

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