Multifrequency transcranial focusing based on acoustic lensing

Bu Meng-Xu; Gu Wen-Ting; Li Bo-Yi; Zhu Qiu-Chen; Jiang Xue; Ta De-An; Liu Xin

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20241123

Abstract

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) possesses significant advantages such as non-invasiveness and high tissue penetration depth, making it a promising tool in the field of brain science. Acoustic holographic lenses can manipulate the sound field through phase modulation, providing a low-cost and convenient approach for realizing transcranial focusing. Acoustic holographic lenses have been successfully utilized for achieving precise transcranial focusing in living mice to open the blood-brain barrier and for performing neural modulation, which shows considerable application potential. However, existing transcranial acoustic holographic lenses can only be driven by specific ultrasound frequencies and focused at predetermined positions, which limits their flexibility in complex applications. To address this issue, this study establishes a multi-frequency transcranial focusing method based on acoustic holographic lenses to enhance its adaptability in the field of tFUS. By integrating acoustic holographic lenses designed for different focal positions at various frequencies, we generate multi-frequency acoustic holographic lenses suitable for transcranial focusing and conduct experiments to evaluate their performance. In simulations, for single-focus tasks, the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR) of the proposed method achieves 32.16 dB under 1 MHz ultrasound excitation, and 40.18 dB and 2 MHz ultrasound excitation, respectively; for multi-focus tasks, the PSNR values are 29.39 dB and 39.89 dB, respectively. In experiments, for single-focus tasks, the PSNR value of the proposed method is 27.48 dB under 1 MHz ultrasound excitation, and 32.33 dB under 2 MHz ultrasound excitation, respectively; for multi-focus tasks, the PSNR values are 23.30 dB and 32.17 dB, respectively. These results demonstrate that the multi-frequency transcranial acoustic holographic lens can effectively modulate the sound field under varying ultrasound frequencies and create high-quality focal points at different locations behind the skull, which significantly enhances the application flexibility of transcranial acoustic holographic lenses.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433 China
2.
School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

Corresponding author: Jiang Xue, xuejiang@fudan.edu.cn ; Liu Xin, xin_liu@fudan.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12274092), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2410903), and the Explorer Program of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 21TS1400200).

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References

[1]	Landhuis E 2017 Nature 551 257 Google Scholar
[2]	张玫玫, 吴意赟, 于洁, 屠娟, 章东 2023 物理学报 72 084301 Google Scholar Zhang M M, Wu Y Y, Yu J, Tu J, Zhang D 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 084301 Google Scholar
[3]	Ballantine H, Bell E, Manlapaz J 1960 J. Neurosurg. 17 858 Google Scholar
[4]	Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K, Damianou C 1995 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 21 969 Google Scholar
[5]	Elias W J, Khaled M, Hilliard J D, Aubry J F, Frysinger R C, Sheehan J P, Wintermark M, Lopes M B 2013 J. Neurosurg. 119 307 Google Scholar
[6]	张芸芸, 李义方, 石勤振, 许乐修, 戴菲, 邢文宇, 他得安 2023 物理学报 72 154303 Google Scholar Zhang Y Y, Li Y F, Shi Q Z, Xu L X, Dai F, Xing W Y, Ta D A 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 154303 Google Scholar
[7]	Yang Y, Wang C Z, Li Y C, Huang J Q, Cai F Y, Xiao Y, Ma T, Zheng H R 2019 IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28 361
[8]	Tufail Y, Yoshihiro A, Pati S, Li M M, Tyler W J 2011 Nat. Protoc. 6 1453 Google Scholar
[9]	Melde K, Mark A G, Qiu T, Fischer P 2016 Nature 537 518 Google Scholar
[10]	Leith E N, Upatnieks J 1962 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52 1123 Google Scholar
[11]	钟志, 赵婉婷, 单明广, 刘磊 2021 物理学报 70 154202 Google Scholar Zhong Z, Zhao W T, Shan M G, Liu L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 154202 Google Scholar
[12]	Andrés D, Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Camarena F 2020 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Las Vegas, NV, USA, November 17, 2020 p1
[13]	Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Benlloch J M, Camarena F 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 014016 Google Scholar
[14]	Shah B R, Lehman V T, Kaufmann T J, Blezek D, Waugh J, Imphean D, Yu F F, Patel T R, Chitnis S, Dewey Jr R B 2020 Brain 143 2664 Google Scholar
[15]	Yin Y, Yan S, Huang J, Zhang B 2023 Sensors 23 9702 Google Scholar
[16]	Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Pouliopoulos A N, Benlloch J M, Konofagou E E, Camarena F 2021 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69 1359
[17]	Pouliopoulos A N, Wu S Y, Burgess M T, Karakatsani M E, Kamimura H A, Konofagou E E 2020 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 46 73 Google Scholar
[18]	Tillander M, Hokland S, Koskela J, Dam H, Andersen N P, Pedersen M, Tanderup K, Ylihautala M, Köhler M 2016 Med. Phys. 43 1539 Google Scholar
[19]	Treeby B E, Cox B T 2010 J. Biomed. Opt. 15 021314 Google Scholar
[20]	Mast T D, Souriau L P, Liu D L, Tabei M, Nachman A I, Waag R C 2001 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48 341 Google Scholar
[21]	Tabei M, Mast T D, Waag R C 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111 53 Google Scholar
[22]	Kook G, Jo Y, Oh C, Liang X, Kim J, Lee S M, Kim S, Choi J W, Lee H J 2023 Microsyst. Nanoeng. 9 45 Google Scholar
[23]	Treeby B E, Cox B T 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127 2741 Google Scholar
[24]	Thomas J L, Fink M A 1996 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 43 1122 Google Scholar
[25]	Aubry J F, Tanter M, Pernot M, Thomas J L, Fink M 2003 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113 84 Google Scholar
[26]	Brown M D, Cox B T, Treeby B E 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 244101 Google Scholar
[27]	He J R, Wu J W, Zhu Y Y, Chen Y, Yuan M D, Zeng L M, Ji X R 2021 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 69 662
[28]	Tanchenko A 2014 J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 25 874 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 目标焦点、时间反演法生成的声全息图以及多频声全息图

Figure 1. Target foci, acoustic holograms generated by the time inversion method, and multi-frequency acoustic holograms.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 用于经颅聚焦的多频声全息透镜　(a)多频声全息透镜的3D视图; (b)多频声全息透镜俯视图; (c)多频声全息透镜的正视图

Figure 2. Multi-frequency acoustic holographic lens for transcranial focusing: (a) 3D view of the multi-frequency acoustic holographic lens; (b) top view of the multi-frequency acoustic holographic lens; (c) front view of the multi-frequency acoustic holographic lens.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 经颅聚焦实验平台

Figure 3. Experimental platform for transcranial focusing.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 多频声全息透镜的仿真与实验结果　(a) 1 MHz仿真中, 焦点附近的纵向声场; (b)1 MHz激发下的仿真与实验重建的聚焦平面与目标焦点; (c) 2 MHz仿真中, 焦点附近的纵向声场; (d) 2 MHz激发下的仿真与实验重建的聚焦平面与目标焦点; (e) 1 MHz激发的情况下, 在仿真和实验中, 沿着x = 7.3 mm的虚线上的声压对比; (f) 2 MHz激发的情况下, 在仿真和实验中, 沿着x = 7.3 mm的虚线上的声压对比

Figure 4. Simulation and experimental results of multi-frequency acoustic holographic lenses: (a) Longitudinal acoustic field near the focal point in 1 MHz simulation; (b) focusing plane and target foci reconstructed by simulation and experiment under 1 MHz excitation; (c) longitudinal acoustic field near the focal point in 2 MHz simulation; (d) focusing plane versus target foci reconstructed from simulation and experiment under 2 MHz excitation; (e) sound pressure comparison along the dashed line at x = 7.3 mm in simulation and experiment for the case of 1 MHz excitation; (f) sound pressure comparison along the dashed line at x = 7.3 mm in simulation and experiment for the case of 2 MHz excitation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 多频声全息透镜在多焦点情况下的仿真与实验结果　(a) 1 MHz仿真中, 焦点附近的纵向声场; (b)1 MHz激发下的仿真与实验重建的聚焦平面与目标焦点; (c)在2 MHz仿真中, 焦点附近的纵向声场; (d) 2 MHz激发下的仿真与实验重建的聚焦平面与目标焦点; (e)1 MHz激发的情况下, 在仿真和实验中, 沿着y = 7.3 mm的虚线上的声压对比; (f)2 MHz激发的情况下, 在仿真和实验中, 沿着y = 7.3 mm的虚线上的声压对比

Figure 5. Simulation and experimental results of multi-frequency acoustic holographic lenses in the case of multiple focal points: (a) Longitudinal acoustic field near the focal point in the 1 MHz simulation; (b) focused plane and target foci reconstructed by simulation and experiment for the 1 MHz excitation; (c) longitudinal acoustic field near the focal point in the 2 MHz simulation; (d) focused plane and target foci reconstructed by simulation and experiment for the 2 MHz excitation; (e) sound pressure comparison in the 1 MHz excitation case in the simulation and experiment along the y = 7.3 mm dashed line; (f) sound pressure comparison along the dashed line at y = 7.3 mm in simulation and experiment for the case of 2 MHz excitation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 聚焦平面的声场与目标图像之间的PSNR

Table 1. PSNR between the sound field at the focal plane and the target image

频率/MHz PSNR(仿真) PSNR(实验)

1 32.16 27.48
2 40.18 32.33

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 聚焦平面的声场与目标图像之间的PSNR

Table 2. PSNR between the sound field at the focal plane and the target image.

频率/MHz PSNR(仿真) PSNR(实验)

1 29.39 23.30
2 39.89 32.17

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Landhuis E 2017 Nature 551 257 Google Scholar
[2]	张玫玫, 吴意赟, 于洁, 屠娟, 章东 2023 物理学报 72 084301 Google Scholar Zhang M M, Wu Y Y, Yu J, Tu J, Zhang D 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 084301 Google Scholar
[3]	Ballantine H, Bell E, Manlapaz J 1960 J. Neurosurg. 17 858 Google Scholar
[4]	Vykhodtseva N, Hynynen K, Damianou C 1995 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 21 969 Google Scholar
[5]	Elias W J, Khaled M, Hilliard J D, Aubry J F, Frysinger R C, Sheehan J P, Wintermark M, Lopes M B 2013 J. Neurosurg. 119 307 Google Scholar
[6]	张芸芸, 李义方, 石勤振, 许乐修, 戴菲, 邢文宇, 他得安 2023 物理学报 72 154303 Google Scholar Zhang Y Y, Li Y F, Shi Q Z, Xu L X, Dai F, Xing W Y, Ta D A 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 154303 Google Scholar
[7]	Yang Y, Wang C Z, Li Y C, Huang J Q, Cai F Y, Xiao Y, Ma T, Zheng H R 2019 IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 28 361
[8]	Tufail Y, Yoshihiro A, Pati S, Li M M, Tyler W J 2011 Nat. Protoc. 6 1453 Google Scholar
[9]	Melde K, Mark A G, Qiu T, Fischer P 2016 Nature 537 518 Google Scholar
[10]	Leith E N, Upatnieks J 1962 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 52 1123 Google Scholar
[11]	钟志, 赵婉婷, 单明广, 刘磊 2021 物理学报 70 154202 Google Scholar Zhong Z, Zhao W T, Shan M G, Liu L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 154202 Google Scholar
[12]	Andrés D, Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Camarena F 2020 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium Las Vegas, NV, USA, November 17, 2020 p1
[13]	Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Benlloch J M, Camarena F 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 12 014016 Google Scholar
[14]	Shah B R, Lehman V T, Kaufmann T J, Blezek D, Waugh J, Imphean D, Yu F F, Patel T R, Chitnis S, Dewey Jr R B 2020 Brain 143 2664 Google Scholar
[15]	Yin Y, Yan S, Huang J, Zhang B 2023 Sensors 23 9702 Google Scholar
[16]	Jiménez-Gambín S, Jiménez N, Pouliopoulos A N, Benlloch J M, Konofagou E E, Camarena F 2021 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 69 1359
[17]	Pouliopoulos A N, Wu S Y, Burgess M T, Karakatsani M E, Kamimura H A, Konofagou E E 2020 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 46 73 Google Scholar
[18]	Tillander M, Hokland S, Koskela J, Dam H, Andersen N P, Pedersen M, Tanderup K, Ylihautala M, Köhler M 2016 Med. Phys. 43 1539 Google Scholar
[19]	Treeby B E, Cox B T 2010 J. Biomed. Opt. 15 021314 Google Scholar
[20]	Mast T D, Souriau L P, Liu D L, Tabei M, Nachman A I, Waag R C 2001 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 48 341 Google Scholar
[21]	Tabei M, Mast T D, Waag R C 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111 53 Google Scholar
[22]	Kook G, Jo Y, Oh C, Liang X, Kim J, Lee S M, Kim S, Choi J W, Lee H J 2023 Microsyst. Nanoeng. 9 45 Google Scholar
[23]	Treeby B E, Cox B T 2010 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127 2741 Google Scholar
[24]	Thomas J L, Fink M A 1996 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 43 1122 Google Scholar
[25]	Aubry J F, Tanter M, Pernot M, Thomas J L, Fink M 2003 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113 84 Google Scholar
[26]	Brown M D, Cox B T, Treeby B E 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 244101 Google Scholar
[27]	He J R, Wu J W, Zhu Y Y, Chen Y, Yuan M D, Zeng L M, Ji X R 2021 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 69 662
[28]	Tanchenko A 2014 J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent. 25 874 Google Scholar
[29]	Bakaric M, Miloro P, Javaherian A, Cox B T, Treeby B E, Brown M D 2021 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150 2798 Google Scholar

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