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With the discovery of two-dimensional materials like graphene, the relativistic two-dimensional Dirac equation has received increasing attention from researchers. Accurately solving the Dirac equation in electromagnetic fields is the foundation for studying and manipulating quantum states of Dirac electrons. Sectioned series expansion method is successful and accurate in solving SchrÖdinger equation under complex electromagnetic fields. Dirac equation is a system of coupled first-order differential equations with undermined eigenvalues, and it is more difficult to solve. By applying the sectioned series expansion principle to Dirac equation and conducting series expansions in regular, Taylor and irregular regions, we obtain an accurate method with wide applicability. With the method, a universal criterion for bound states of Dirac electrons in electromagnetic fields is derived and the energy levels and wave functions of bound states can be accurately calculated.The criterion provided by Eq. (52) given in the main text body shows that the magnetic field and mass field help to confine Dirac electrons while the electric field tends to deconfine them due to Klein tunneling. When the highest power of the electric potential is equal to that of the magnetic vector potential or the mass field, confined-deconfiend states depend on the comparison of their coefficients. We apply the method to two cases: one is massive Dirac electron in Coulomb electric potential (relativistic two-dimensional hydrogen-like atom) and the other is Dirac electron in uniform mangetic field (mangetic vector potenial is A = 1/2Br) and linear electric potential V = Fr. The energy levels of the hydrogen-like atom are calculated and compared with analytical solutions, demonstrating the exceptional accuracy of the method. By solving Dirac equation under uniform magnetic field and linear electric potential, the method proves to be broadly applicable to the solutions of Dirac equation under complex electromagnetic fields. Under uniform magnetic field B and V = Fr, as the F increases, level orders of negative energy states change and at the critical point F = 0.5B, the bound states of positive ones still exist while only certain negative ones can exist on condition that their energies exceed zero. The sectioned series expansion method provides an effective computational framework for Dirac equation and it deepens our understanding of relativistic quantum mechanics.
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Keywords:
- Dirac equation /
- sectioned series expansion method /
- bound states /
- relativistic two-dimensional hydrogen-like atom
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图 1 分区级数解法示意图, 径向波函数在不同区间分别用级数精确表示出来, 第0个区间是正则区(regular region), 最后是非正则区(irregular region), 中间都是泰勒区(Taylor region)
Figure 1. The sketch of the sectioned series expansion method, the radial wavefunction is exactly expressed by different series expansions in separate regions: The zeroth region is regular one, the last is irregular one and others between them are Taylor ones.
图 2 在库仑电势中的α = –0.1时用分区级数解法计算相对论氢原子能级的径向波函数上下分量(RA和RB), 在计算时取M = 500 meV, 粗线(细线)分别代表上下分量, 右上方的图是对局部波函数的放大 (a), (b)分别是j = –0.5和j = 0.5时最低的3个能级的波函数
Figure 2. The upper and lower components (RA和RB) of the radial wave function of the relativistic hydrogen atom calculated by sectioned series expansion method when α = –0.1 in the Coulomb electric potential and M = 500 meV, bold (thin) lines represent the upper (lower) components and the insets in the top right are the zooms of parts of the functions: (a), (b) The three lowest energy levels of j = –0.5 and j = 0.5, respectively.
图 3 在均匀磁场B = 10 T时, 总角动量量子数j = –1/2, –3/2, 1/2, 3/2的能级随着线性电势V = Fr的变化, 其中(n, j)前面的负号表示负能态, F = 5时的垂直虚线是为了观察每个能级是否存在束缚态能级
Figure 3. The energy levels of the total angular momentum quantum number j = –1/2, –3/2, 1/2, 3/2 as a function of the linear electric potential, the minus signs in front of (n, j) indicates the negative energy states, and the vertical dashed line at F = 5 is to observe whether there is a bound state for every energy level.
图 4 Dirac电子在F = 0.5B时均匀磁场和线性电势下j = –1/2的径向波函数的上下分量(RA和RB) (a), (b)分别是原来负能态(0, –1/2)和(1, –1/2)在F = 0.5B时转变为正能态的波函数; (c), (d) 分别是原来正能态(0, –1/2)和(1, –1/2)在F = 0.5B时的波函数
Figure 4. The upper and lower components (RA和RB) of the radial wave function of Dirac electron at F = 0.5B in homogenous magnetic field and linear electric potential when j = –1/2: (a), (b) The original negative energy levels (0, –1/2) and (1, –1/2); (c), (d) the original positive energy levels (0, –1/2) and (1, –1/2).
表 1 在库仑电势中的α = –0.1时用分区级数解法计算相对论氢原子能级的数值解与(53)式的解析解比较, 计算时取M = 500 meV, 能级均除以M
Table 1. Comparison between numerical energy levels by sectioned series expansion method and analytical energy levels by Eq. (55) when α = –0.1 in the Coulomb electric potential and M = 500 meV, with all energy levels divided by M.
(n, j) En, j数值解 En, j解析解 相对误差 (n, j) En, j数值解 En, j解析解 相对误差 0, –1.5 0.9991988238614 0.99919882386158 1.8×10–13 0, 0.5 0.9797958971133 0.97979589711327 2.9×10–14 1, –1.5 0.9995913079808 0.99959130798090 9.9×10–14 1, 0.5 0.9977551312156 0.99775512256234 8.7×10–9 2, –1.5 0.9997528114902 0.99975281149021 1.4×10–14 2, 0.5 0.9991944716637 0.99919446965227 2.0×10–9 3, –1.5 0.9998345510564 0.99983455105648 7.9×10–14 3, 0.5 0.9995897240939 0.99958972295987 1.1×10–9 0, –0.5 0.9977551536827 0.99775512256234 3.1×10–8 0, 1.5 0.99777530313970 0.99777530313972 1.8×10–14 1, –0.5 0.9991944768698 0.99919446965227 7.2×10–9 1, 1.5 0.99919882386160 0.99919882386158 2.2×10–14 2, –0.5 0.9995897256360 0.99958972295987 2.7×10–9 2, 1.5 0.99959130798070 0.99959130798090 2.0×10–13 3, –0.5 0.9997520675873 0.99975206631993 1.3×10–9 3, 1.5 0.99975281149010 0.99975281149021 1.1×10–13 0, 2.5 0.9991996881893 0.99919967974374 8.5×10–9 2, 2.5 0.99975295828120 0.99975295828121 9.3×10–15 1, 2.5 0.9995916199728 0.99959161997285 4.7×10–14 3, 2.5 0.99983463144880 0.99983463144884 4.0×10–14 
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