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Suspended two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely used to improve the device performances in comparison with the case of supported 2D materials. To realize such a purpose, 2D materials are mainly suspended on the holes of substrates, which are usually used to support 2D materials. The holes beneath the 2D materials are usually full of air. The air layer with the thickness identical to the hole depth will affect the spectral features of the reflection and photoluminescence spectra of suspended 2D materials because there exist multiple optical interferences in the air/2D-flakes/air/Si multilayer structures. However, it is not clear that how the spectral features depend on the hole depth. In this paper, the reflection spectra of suspended multilayer graphene and MoS2flakes as well as the photoluminescence spectra of suspended multilayer MoS2flakes are systematically studied. The reflection spectra of suspended multilayer graphene flakes exhibit obvious oscillations, showing the optical characteristic with periodic oscillations in wavenumber. The oscillation period decreases with increasing the hole depth (or the thickness of the air layer), but is independent of the thickness of suspended graphene flakes. This can be well explained by the model based on multiple optical interferences in the air/graphenes/air/Si multilayer structures, which have been successfully utilized to understand the Raman intensity of ultrathin 2D flakes and substrate beneath the ultrathin 2D flakes dependent on the thickness of 2D flakes, the thickness of SiO2 layer, the laser wavelength and the numerical aperture of objective. The theoretical simulation shows that the oscillation is obviously observable only when the hole depth reaches up to the value on the order of microns. For suspended multilayer MoS2flakes, the reflection and photoluminescence spectra show similar periodic oscillations in wavenumber and the oscillation period is also dependent on the hole depth. The hole depth is measured by the surface profiler. It is found that the calculated oscillation period based on the measured hole depth and multiple optical interference model is usually larger than the experimental one, which is attributed to the existence of the dielectric layer in the holes. The dielectric layer may be the residues after the hole etching process, which have much smaller refractive indexes than substrates and 2D flakes. This results in an increase of the effective hole depth, which becomes larger than the one measured by the surface profiler. The observation of oscillation period in the reflection and photoluminescence spectra of different flakes of 2D materials demonstrates that the periodic oscillation is a general optical characteristic for optical spectra of suspended 2D materials. In principle, the electroluminescence spectra of suspended 2D materials may also exhibit similar periodic oscillations in wavenumber. These findings may be helpful for understanding the optical spectra of various suspended 2D materials and monitoring the existence of the residues in the holes of substrate after the etching process.
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Keywords:
- two-dimensional crystals /
- reflection spectra /
- photoluminescence /
- oscillation
[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
[2] Splendiani A, Sun L, Zhang Y B, Li T S, Kim J, Chim C Y, Galli G, Wang F 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1271
[3] Qiao J S, Kong X H, Hu, Z X, Yang F, Ji W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4475
[4] Zhao H, Wu J B, Zhong H X, Guo Q S, Wang X M, Xia F N, Yang L, Tan P H, Wang H 2015 Nano Res. 8 3651
[5] Nomura K, MacDonald A H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 256602
[6] Chen J H, Jang C, Adam S, Fuhrer M S, Williams E D, Ishigami M 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 377
[7] Pereira V H, Neto A H C, Liang H Y, Mahadevan L 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 156603
[8] Tan P H, Han W P, Zhao W J, Wu Z H, Chang K, Wang H, Wang Y F, Bonini N, Marzari N, Pugno N, Savini G, Lombardo A, Ferrari A C 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 294
[9] Lau C N, Bao W Z, Jr J V 2012 Mater. Today 15 238
[10] Yang R, Islam A, Feng P X L 2015 Nanoscale 7 19921
[11] Aguilera-Servin J, Miao T F, Bockrath M 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 083103
[12] Han W P, Shi Y M, Li X L, Luo S Q, Lu Y, Tan P H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 110702 (in Chinese) [韩文鹏, 史衍猛, 李晓莉, 罗师强, 鲁妍, 谭平恒 2013 物理学报 62 110702]
[13] Casiraghi C, Hartschuh A, Lidorikis E, Piscanec S, Georgi C, Fasoli A, Novoselov K S, Basko D M, Ferrari A C 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2711
[14] Yoon D H, Moon H, Son Y W, Choi J S, Park B H, Cha Y H, Kim Y D, Cheong H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 125422
[15] Wang Y Y, Ni Z H, Shen Z X, Wang H M, Wu Y H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 043121
[16] Li X L, Qiao X F, Han W P, Lu Y, Tan Q H, Liu X L, Tan P H 2015 Nanoscale 7 8135
[17] Li X L, Qiao X F, Han W P, Zhang X, Tan Q H, Chen T, Tan P H 2016 Nanotechnology 27 145704
[18] Ferrari A C, Meyer J C, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov K S, Roth S, Geim A K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 187401
[19] Kravets V G, Grigorenko A N, Nair R R, Blake P, Anissimova S, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2010 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 81 155413
[20] Lu Y, Li X L, Zhang X, Wu J B, Tan P H 2015 Sci. Bull. 60 806
[21] Li S L, Miyazaki H, Song H S, Kuramochi H, Nakaharai S, Tsukagoshi K 2012 ACS Nano 6 7381
[22] Tan P H, Xu Z Y, Luo X D, Ge W K, Zhang Y, Mascarenhas A, Xin H P, Tu C W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 061905
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[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666
[2] Splendiani A, Sun L, Zhang Y B, Li T S, Kim J, Chim C Y, Galli G, Wang F 2010 Nano Lett. 10 1271
[3] Qiao J S, Kong X H, Hu, Z X, Yang F, Ji W 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4475
[4] Zhao H, Wu J B, Zhong H X, Guo Q S, Wang X M, Xia F N, Yang L, Tan P H, Wang H 2015 Nano Res. 8 3651
[5] Nomura K, MacDonald A H 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 256602
[6] Chen J H, Jang C, Adam S, Fuhrer M S, Williams E D, Ishigami M 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 377
[7] Pereira V H, Neto A H C, Liang H Y, Mahadevan L 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 156603
[8] Tan P H, Han W P, Zhao W J, Wu Z H, Chang K, Wang H, Wang Y F, Bonini N, Marzari N, Pugno N, Savini G, Lombardo A, Ferrari A C 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 294
[9] Lau C N, Bao W Z, Jr J V 2012 Mater. Today 15 238
[10] Yang R, Islam A, Feng P X L 2015 Nanoscale 7 19921
[11] Aguilera-Servin J, Miao T F, Bockrath M 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 083103
[12] Han W P, Shi Y M, Li X L, Luo S Q, Lu Y, Tan P H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 110702 (in Chinese) [韩文鹏, 史衍猛, 李晓莉, 罗师强, 鲁妍, 谭平恒 2013 物理学报 62 110702]
[13] Casiraghi C, Hartschuh A, Lidorikis E, Piscanec S, Georgi C, Fasoli A, Novoselov K S, Basko D M, Ferrari A C 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2711
[14] Yoon D H, Moon H, Son Y W, Choi J S, Park B H, Cha Y H, Kim Y D, Cheong H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 125422
[15] Wang Y Y, Ni Z H, Shen Z X, Wang H M, Wu Y H 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 043121
[16] Li X L, Qiao X F, Han W P, Lu Y, Tan Q H, Liu X L, Tan P H 2015 Nanoscale 7 8135
[17] Li X L, Qiao X F, Han W P, Zhang X, Tan Q H, Chen T, Tan P H 2016 Nanotechnology 27 145704
[18] Ferrari A C, Meyer J C, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov K S, Roth S, Geim A K 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 187401
[19] Kravets V G, Grigorenko A N, Nair R R, Blake P, Anissimova S, Novoselov K S, Geim A K 2010 Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter 81 155413
[20] Lu Y, Li X L, Zhang X, Wu J B, Tan P H 2015 Sci. Bull. 60 806
[21] Li S L, Miyazaki H, Song H S, Kuramochi H, Nakaharai S, Tsukagoshi K 2012 ACS Nano 6 7381
[22] Tan P H, Xu Z Y, Luo X D, Ge W K, Zhang Y, Mascarenhas A, Xin H P, Tu C W 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 061905
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