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Based on polarization modulation and lock-in detection, an experimental apparatus is built to determine several important angular dependent scattering matrix elements at 532 nm. The apparatus is tested by water droplets through comparing measurement results with Mie calculations. Measurement results of scattering matrix elements and element ratios between smoke particles produced by smoldering cotton test fire and those produced from flaming n-heptane test fire are presented. We find that results of Mie calculations are able to describe the experimental data of smoldering cotton test fire smoke, which indicates that the particles generated by smoldering cotton test fire are mostly spherical in shape with considering the particle size relative to the wavelength. Using the optimization method, we estimate the refractive index (m=1.49+i0.01) and size distribution (lognormal distribution, g=2.335 and dg=0.17 m) of smoldering cotton test fire smoke. Contrarily, the experimental data of flaming n-heptane fire smoke cannot be described by Mie scattering, which is interpreted by the nonspherical, fractal aggregate morphology of the particulates.
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Keywords:
- ligth scattering /
- scattering matrix /
- smoke
[1] Zhu R 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 127201
[2] Xiong B T, Zhou B X, Bai J, Zheng Q, Liu Y B, Cai W M, Cai J 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3713
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[6] [7] Munoz O, Moreno F, Guirado D, Ramos J L, Lopez A, Girela F, Jeronimo J M, Costillo L P, Bustamante I 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111 187
[8] Klusek C, Manickavasagam S, Meng M P 2003 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 79 839
[9] [10] Qiao L F, Zhang Y M, Xie Q Y, Fang J, Wang J J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 6736 (in Chinese) [乔利锋、张永明、谢启源、方 俊、王进军 2007 物理学报 56 6736]
[11] [12] Lei C X, Zhang H F, Liu H F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7168 (in Chinese) [类成新、张化福、刘汉法 2009 物理学报 58 7168]
[13] [14] [15] Huang C J, Liu Y F, Wu Z S 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 4068 (in Chinese) [黄朝军、刘亚锋、吴振森 2007 物理学报 56 4068]
[16] [17] Xie Q Y, Zhang H P, Wan Y T, Zhang Y M, Qiao L F 2007 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 107 72
[18] [19] Xie Q Y, Yuan H Y, Song L W, Zhang Y M 2007 Build. Environ. 42 640
[20] Suo-Anttila J, Gill W, Gritzo L, Blake D 2005 Fire Mater. 29 91
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[24] Keller A, Loepfe M, Nebiker P, Pleisch R, Burtscher H 2006 Fire Saf. J. 41 266
[25] [26] Zhang Q X, Qiao L F, Wang J J, Fang J, Zhang Y M 2009 Proc. SPIE 7511 75110M
[27] [28] [29] Ma L, Kranendonk L, Cai W, Zhao Y, Baba J 2009 J. Aerosol Sci. 40 588
[30] [31] Hull P, Shepherd I, Hunt A 2004 Appl. Opt. 43 3433
[32] [33] European Committee for Standardization 2003 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems (Part 7) (London: IHS Press) p37
[34] [35] Urban D, Griffin D, Ruff G, Cleary T, Yang J, Mulholland G, Yuan Z G 2005 Detecton of Smoke from Microgravity Fires (Warrendale: SAE International) p9
[36] Shu X M, Fang J, Shen S F, Liu Y J, Yuan H Y, Fan W C 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 4466 (in Chinese) [疏学明、方 俊、申世飞、刘勇进、袁宏永、范维澄 2006 物理学报 55 4466]
[37] [38] Levin E J T, McMeeking G R, Carrico C M, Mack L E, Kreidenweis S M, Wold C E, Moosmuller H, Arnott W P, Hao W M, Collett J L, Malm W C 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D18210
[39] [40] Loepfe M, Ryser P, Tompkin C, Wieser D 1997 Fire Saf. J. 29 185
[41] [42] [43] Kyl V , Faeth G M, Farias T L, Carvalho M G 1995 Combust. Flame 100 621
[44] Zhang Q, Deng X J, Zhang Q X, Li Y D, Zhang Y M 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7442 (in Chinese) [张 青、邓小玖、张启兴、李耀东、张永明 2010 物理学报 59 7442]
[45] -
[1] Zhu R 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 127201
[2] Xiong B T, Zhou B X, Bai J, Zheng Q, Liu Y B, Cai W M, Cai J 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3713
[3] [4] [5] Volten H, Munoz O, Rol E, Haan J F, Vassen W, Hovenier J W 2001 J. Geophys. Res. 106 17375
[6] [7] Munoz O, Moreno F, Guirado D, Ramos J L, Lopez A, Girela F, Jeronimo J M, Costillo L P, Bustamante I 2010 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 111 187
[8] Klusek C, Manickavasagam S, Meng M P 2003 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 79 839
[9] [10] Qiao L F, Zhang Y M, Xie Q Y, Fang J, Wang J J 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 6736 (in Chinese) [乔利锋、张永明、谢启源、方 俊、王进军 2007 物理学报 56 6736]
[11] [12] Lei C X, Zhang H F, Liu H F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7168 (in Chinese) [类成新、张化福、刘汉法 2009 物理学报 58 7168]
[13] [14] [15] Huang C J, Liu Y F, Wu Z S 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 4068 (in Chinese) [黄朝军、刘亚锋、吴振森 2007 物理学报 56 4068]
[16] [17] Xie Q Y, Zhang H P, Wan Y T, Zhang Y M, Qiao L F 2007 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 107 72
[18] [19] Xie Q Y, Yuan H Y, Song L W, Zhang Y M 2007 Build. Environ. 42 640
[20] Suo-Anttila J, Gill W, Gritzo L, Blake D 2005 Fire Mater. 29 91
[21] [22] [23] Van de Hulst H C 1957 Light Scattering by Small Particles (New York: John Wiley) p47
[24] Keller A, Loepfe M, Nebiker P, Pleisch R, Burtscher H 2006 Fire Saf. J. 41 266
[25] [26] Zhang Q X, Qiao L F, Wang J J, Fang J, Zhang Y M 2009 Proc. SPIE 7511 75110M
[27] [28] [29] Ma L, Kranendonk L, Cai W, Zhao Y, Baba J 2009 J. Aerosol Sci. 40 588
[30] [31] Hull P, Shepherd I, Hunt A 2004 Appl. Opt. 43 3433
[32] [33] European Committee for Standardization 2003 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems (Part 7) (London: IHS Press) p37
[34] [35] Urban D, Griffin D, Ruff G, Cleary T, Yang J, Mulholland G, Yuan Z G 2005 Detecton of Smoke from Microgravity Fires (Warrendale: SAE International) p9
[36] Shu X M, Fang J, Shen S F, Liu Y J, Yuan H Y, Fan W C 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 4466 (in Chinese) [疏学明、方 俊、申世飞、刘勇进、袁宏永、范维澄 2006 物理学报 55 4466]
[37] [38] Levin E J T, McMeeking G R, Carrico C M, Mack L E, Kreidenweis S M, Wold C E, Moosmuller H, Arnott W P, Hao W M, Collett J L, Malm W C 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D18210
[39] [40] Loepfe M, Ryser P, Tompkin C, Wieser D 1997 Fire Saf. J. 29 185
[41] [42] [43] Kyl V , Faeth G M, Farias T L, Carvalho M G 1995 Combust. Flame 100 621
[44] Zhang Q, Deng X J, Zhang Q X, Li Y D, Zhang Y M 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 7442 (in Chinese) [张 青、邓小玖、张启兴、李耀东、张永明 2010 物理学报 59 7442]
[45]
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