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In order to obtain the shapes, sizes, fall velocities, orientations of raindrops in the natural condition, starting from the particle imaging velocimetry transient visual measurement technology, an image restoration algorithm based on point spread function and a velocity calculation algorithm based on auto-correlation image are investigated, and a natural precipitation imaging velocimetry system based on a CCD sensor is designed and developed in this paper. The diameters, terminal velocities, axis ratios, orientations and their distributions of raindrops are investigated by the field experiment. The velocities of raindrops increase exponentially with the diameter, and axis ratios of raindrops decrease linearly with the diameter, the orientations of raindrops are easily affected by the wind, the average canting angle for all drops tends to be nearly symmetric 2.1° with a standard deviation of 11.5°. The empirical relations between velocity and diameter, between axis ratio and diameter are fitted by nonlinear fitting and linear fitting of observed data. In this paper we further provide microphysical characteristics of raindrops with local features. compared with those from the existing model. These conclusions are of important significance for the research on cloud precipitation physics, ground calibration of weather radar, assessment of rain induced microwave attenuation, etc.
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Keywords:
- planar array CCD /
- raindrops /
- imaging velocimetry /
- microphysical features
[1] Sheng P X, Mao J T, Li J G, Zhang A C, Sang J G, Pan N X 2003 Atmospheric Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) p304 (in Chinese) [盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 张霭琛, 桑建国, 潘乃先 2003 大气物理学 (北京: 北京大学出版社) 第304页]
[2] Szakall M, Mitra S K, Diehl K, Borrmann S 2010 Atmos. Res. 97 416
[3] Schuur T J, Ryzhkov A V, Zrnic D S, Schonhuber M 2001 J. Appl. Meteo. 40 1019
[4] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156 (in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦健, 刘磊 2010 物理学报 59 2156]
[5] Zhou X, Yang X F, Li Z W, Yu Y, Ma S 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 149202 (in Chinese) [周旋, 杨晓峰, 李紫薇, 于暘, 马胜 2012 物理学报 61 149202]
[6] Jiang S T, Gao T C, Liu X C, Liu L, Liu Z T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 154303 (in Chinese) [姜世泰, 高太长, 刘西川, 刘磊, 刘志田 2013 物理学报 62 154303]
[7] Gao T C 2012 Meteo. Hydro. Equip. 23 1 (in Chinese) [高太长 2012 气象水文装备 23 1]
[8] Joss J, Waldvogel A 1967 Pure Appl. Geophys. 68 240
[9] Tokay A, Kruger A, Krajewski W F 2001 J. Appl. Meteo. 40 2083
[10] Loffler-Mang M, Joss J 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 130
[11] Gao T C, Jiang Z D, Liu X C, Su X Y, Zhai D L 2012 Opt. Pre. Eng. 20 2184 (in Chinese) [高太长, 江志东, 刘西川, 苏小勇, 翟东力 2012 光学 精密工程 20 2184]
[12] Nespor V, Krajewski W F, Kruger A 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 1483
[13] Saylor J R, Jones B K, Bliven L F 2002 Rev. Sci. Ins. 73 2422
[14] Szakall M, Diehl K, Mitra S K, Borrmann S 2009 J. Atmos. Sci. 66 755
[15] Tang Y H, Xie G Y, Liu H C, Shao J B, Ma Q, Liu H P, Ning H, Yang Y, Yan C H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2257 (in Chinese) [唐远河, 解光勇, 刘汉臣, 邵建斌, 马琦, 刘会平, 宁辉, 杨彧, 严成海 2006 物理学报 55 2257]
[16] Hanesch M, Waldvogel A, Schonhuber M, Randeu L 1998 American Meteorological Society Conference on Cloud Physics Everett Washington, August 17–21,1998 p407
[17] Xu L F, Chen G, Li J Z, Shao J B 2003 Adv. Mech. 33 533 (in Chinese) [许联锋, 陈刚, 李建中, 邵建斌 2003 力学进展 33 533]
[18] Atlas D, Ulbrich C W 1977 J. Appl. Meteor. 16 1322
[19] Habib E, Krajewski W F, Nespor V, Kruger A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 19723
[20] Nespor V, Sevruk B 1999 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 16 450
[21] Beard K V, Chuang C 1987 J. Atmos. Sci. 44 1509
[22] Huang G J, Bringi V N, Thurai M 2008 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 25 1717
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[1] Sheng P X, Mao J T, Li J G, Zhang A C, Sang J G, Pan N X 2003 Atmospheric Physics (Beijing: Beijing University Press) p304 (in Chinese) [盛裴轩, 毛节泰, 李建国, 张霭琛, 桑建国, 潘乃先 2003 大气物理学 (北京: 北京大学出版社) 第304页]
[2] Szakall M, Mitra S K, Diehl K, Borrmann S 2010 Atmos. Res. 97 416
[3] Schuur T J, Ryzhkov A V, Zrnic D S, Schonhuber M 2001 J. Appl. Meteo. 40 1019
[4] Liu X C, Gao T C, Qin J, Liu L 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2156 (in Chinese) [刘西川, 高太长, 秦健, 刘磊 2010 物理学报 59 2156]
[5] Zhou X, Yang X F, Li Z W, Yu Y, Ma S 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 149202 (in Chinese) [周旋, 杨晓峰, 李紫薇, 于暘, 马胜 2012 物理学报 61 149202]
[6] Jiang S T, Gao T C, Liu X C, Liu L, Liu Z T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 154303 (in Chinese) [姜世泰, 高太长, 刘西川, 刘磊, 刘志田 2013 物理学报 62 154303]
[7] Gao T C 2012 Meteo. Hydro. Equip. 23 1 (in Chinese) [高太长 2012 气象水文装备 23 1]
[8] Joss J, Waldvogel A 1967 Pure Appl. Geophys. 68 240
[9] Tokay A, Kruger A, Krajewski W F 2001 J. Appl. Meteo. 40 2083
[10] Loffler-Mang M, Joss J 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 130
[11] Gao T C, Jiang Z D, Liu X C, Su X Y, Zhai D L 2012 Opt. Pre. Eng. 20 2184 (in Chinese) [高太长, 江志东, 刘西川, 苏小勇, 翟东力 2012 光学 精密工程 20 2184]
[12] Nespor V, Krajewski W F, Kruger A 2000 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 17 1483
[13] Saylor J R, Jones B K, Bliven L F 2002 Rev. Sci. Ins. 73 2422
[14] Szakall M, Diehl K, Mitra S K, Borrmann S 2009 J. Atmos. Sci. 66 755
[15] Tang Y H, Xie G Y, Liu H C, Shao J B, Ma Q, Liu H P, Ning H, Yang Y, Yan C H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 2257 (in Chinese) [唐远河, 解光勇, 刘汉臣, 邵建斌, 马琦, 刘会平, 宁辉, 杨彧, 严成海 2006 物理学报 55 2257]
[16] Hanesch M, Waldvogel A, Schonhuber M, Randeu L 1998 American Meteorological Society Conference on Cloud Physics Everett Washington, August 17–21,1998 p407
[17] Xu L F, Chen G, Li J Z, Shao J B 2003 Adv. Mech. 33 533 (in Chinese) [许联锋, 陈刚, 李建中, 邵建斌 2003 力学进展 33 533]
[18] Atlas D, Ulbrich C W 1977 J. Appl. Meteor. 16 1322
[19] Habib E, Krajewski W F, Nespor V, Kruger A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 19723
[20] Nespor V, Sevruk B 1999 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 16 450
[21] Beard K V, Chuang C 1987 J. Atmos. Sci. 44 1509
[22] Huang G J, Bringi V N, Thurai M 2008 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 25 1717
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