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Compositions of natural gases are different between each other because of different sources, resulting in the fact that natural gases have different energy contents and monetary value. This paper presents a theory to monitor the combustion properties of natural gas by using the acoustic relaxation phenomenon in which the maximum point of acoustic spectrum varies with gas composition. The theory is developed from the frequency-dependent sound absorption spectrum which can be reconstructed from its maximum point synthesized in the acoustic measurements at two frequencies. The theory uses the relation between the two values of the maximum point (i.e. the relaxation frequency and the maximum relaxational absorption) and gas composition to quantitatively monitor the gas. Moreover, the theory has the advantages of avoiding the detection of the gas density and the variation of the ambient pressure, which is necessary in the traditional way of measuring the maximum point of sound absorption spectrum.
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Keywords:
- molecular relaxation /
- gas composition monitoring /
- sound absorption spectrum /
- acoustic sensors
[1] Carlson J E, Martinsson P E 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 2961
[2] Lueptow R M, varPhillips S 1994 Meas. Sci. Technol. 5 1375
[3] Hauptmann P, Hoppe N, Puttmer A 2002 Meas. Sci. Technol. 13 R73
[4] Carlson J E, Carlson R 2006 IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 53 606
[5] Petculescu A G, Hall B, Fraenzle R, varPhillips S, Lueptow R M 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1779
[6] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 238301
[7] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2012 Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical 169 121
[8] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Ding Y 2013 Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 055002
[9] Zeisel D, Menzi H, Ullrich L 2000 Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 80 233
[10] Herzfeld K F, Litovitz T A 1959 Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves (New York: Academic)
[11] Lambert J D 1977 Vibrational and Rotational Relaxation in Gases (Oxford: Clarendon)
[12] Bhatia A B 1985 Ultrasonic Absorption (New York: Dover)
[13] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Ding Y, Hu Y 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 014305
[14] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 175
[15] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Hu Y, Jia Y Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 174301 (in Chinese) [张克声, 王殊, 朱明, 胡佚, 贾雅琼 2012 物理学报 61 174301]
[16] Edited by Mason W P 1965 Physical Acoustics (Vol. II, Pt. A) (New York: Academic Press) Chaps 2-3
[17] Dain Y, Lueptow R M 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1955
[18] Ejakov S G, varPhillips S, Dain Y, Lueptow R M, Visser J H 2003 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113 1871
[19] Bass H E, Chambers J P 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 3069
[20] Yan S, Wang S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4282 (in Chinese) [鄢舒, 王殊 2008 物理学报 57 4282]
[21] Cottet A, Neumeier Y, Scarborough D, Bibik O, Lieuwen T 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 2081
[22] Mougin P, Wilkinson D, Roberts K, Tweedie R 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 274
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[1] Carlson J E, Martinsson P E 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 2961
[2] Lueptow R M, varPhillips S 1994 Meas. Sci. Technol. 5 1375
[3] Hauptmann P, Hoppe N, Puttmer A 2002 Meas. Sci. Technol. 13 R73
[4] Carlson J E, Carlson R 2006 IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 53 606
[5] Petculescu A G, Hall B, Fraenzle R, varPhillips S, Lueptow R M 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1779
[6] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 238301
[7] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2012 Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical 169 121
[8] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Ding Y 2013 Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 055002
[9] Zeisel D, Menzi H, Ullrich L 2000 Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 80 233
[10] Herzfeld K F, Litovitz T A 1959 Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves (New York: Academic)
[11] Lambert J D 1977 Vibrational and Rotational Relaxation in Gases (Oxford: Clarendon)
[12] Bhatia A B 1985 Ultrasonic Absorption (New York: Dover)
[13] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Ding Y, Hu Y 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 014305
[14] Petculescu A G, Lueptow R M 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 175
[15] Zhang K S, Wang S, Zhu M, Hu Y, Jia Y Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 174301 (in Chinese) [张克声, 王殊, 朱明, 胡佚, 贾雅琼 2012 物理学报 61 174301]
[16] Edited by Mason W P 1965 Physical Acoustics (Vol. II, Pt. A) (New York: Academic Press) Chaps 2-3
[17] Dain Y, Lueptow R M 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 1955
[18] Ejakov S G, varPhillips S, Dain Y, Lueptow R M, Visser J H 2003 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 113 1871
[19] Bass H E, Chambers J P 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 3069
[20] Yan S, Wang S 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4282 (in Chinese) [鄢舒, 王殊 2008 物理学报 57 4282]
[21] Cottet A, Neumeier Y, Scarborough D, Bibik O, Lieuwen T 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 2081
[22] Mougin P, Wilkinson D, Roberts K, Tweedie R 2001 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109 274
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