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An ocean ambient noise model is established considering source depth distribution. The model is used to analyze the effect of source depth on the vertical characteristics of ambient noise field. The analyses are explained and validated by normal mode theory. The energy of normal mode excited changes with source depth. Effects of different order normal modes are different. The high order modes raise up the equivalent seabed reflection loss, whereas the low order modes depress it. It is found that the seabed sound speed, density and source depth all have significant influences on equivalent seabed reflection loss at large grazing angles. So the source depth should be taken into account and the model is used in geo-acoustic inversion. Two sets of experimental data in a bandwidth of 200-525 Hz are used to obtain geo-acoustic parameters. The results show that the geo-acoustic parameters inverted from ocean ambient noise and from sound propagation data are similar. The mean value of inverted source depth tends to be smaller as frequency increases, which demonstrates that wind waves become dominant over ship noise. The average of inverted source depth values in the band(>400 Hz) is very small when sea state is higher than grade 3, which is consistent with the result from the Monahan's bubble theory.
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Keywords:
- ambient noise source /
- depth distribution /
- geo-acoustics inversion
[1] Wenz G M 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1936
[2] Monahan E C 1988 Sea Surface Sound:Natural Mechanisms of Surface Generated Noise in the Ocean（Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publisher) p85
[3] Kolovayev D A 1976 Oceanology 15 659
[4] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
[5] Cox H 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 1289
[6] Kuperman W A, Ingenito F 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1988
[7] Buckingham M J, Carbone N M 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 2637
[8] He L 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation（Beijing:Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)（in Chinese)[何利2007博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院声学研究所)]
[9] Deane G B, Buckingham M J, Tindle C T 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 801
[10] Aredov A A, Furduev A V 1994 Acoust. Phys 40 176
[11] Arvelo J I 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 679
[12] Quijano J E, Dosso S E, Dettmer J, Zurk L M, Siderius M 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 2659
[13] Luo W Y 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)（in Chinese)[骆文于2002博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院声学研究所)]
[14] Li B H 2004 M. S. Thesis (Qingdao:Ocean University of China)（in Chinese)[李丙辉2002硕士学位论文(青岛:中国海洋大学)]
[15] Yin B Y, Ma L, Lin J H 2012 Acta Acoust. 37 424 （in Chinese)[殷宝友, 马力, 林建恒2012声学学报37 424]
[16] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L, Yin B Y, Jiang G J 2016 Acta Acoust. 41 56 （in Chinese)[江鹏飞, 林建恒, 马力, 殷宝友, 蒋国健2016声学学报41 56]
[17] Harrison C H 1997 Appl. Acoust. 51 289
[18] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H, 2011 Computional Ocean Acoustics（New York:Springer-Verlag) pp17-18
[19] Harrison C H, Simons D G 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 1377
[20] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H, 2011 Computional Ocean Acoustics（New York:Springer-Verlag) pp46-47
[21] Duda T F, Preisig J C 1999 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 24 16
[22] Dosso S E, Wilmut M J, Lapinski A S 2001 IEEE J Oceanic Eng. 21 324
[23] Hamilton E L 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 1313
[24] Lu L C, Ma L 2008 Tech Acoust. 27 56 （in Chinese)[鹿力成, 马力2008声学技术27 56]
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[1] Wenz G M 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1936
[2] Monahan E C 1988 Sea Surface Sound:Natural Mechanisms of Surface Generated Noise in the Ocean（Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publisher) p85
[3] Kolovayev D A 1976 Oceanology 15 659
[4] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
[5] Cox H 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 1289
[6] Kuperman W A, Ingenito F 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1988
[7] Buckingham M J, Carbone N M 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 2637
[8] He L 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation（Beijing:Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)（in Chinese)[何利2007博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院声学研究所)]
[9] Deane G B, Buckingham M J, Tindle C T 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 801
[10] Aredov A A, Furduev A V 1994 Acoust. Phys 40 176
[11] Arvelo J I 2008 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 679
[12] Quijano J E, Dosso S E, Dettmer J, Zurk L M, Siderius M 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 2659
[13] Luo W Y 2002 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences)（in Chinese)[骆文于2002博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院声学研究所)]
[14] Li B H 2004 M. S. Thesis (Qingdao:Ocean University of China)（in Chinese)[李丙辉2002硕士学位论文(青岛:中国海洋大学)]
[15] Yin B Y, Ma L, Lin J H 2012 Acta Acoust. 37 424 （in Chinese)[殷宝友, 马力, 林建恒2012声学学报37 424]
[16] Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L, Yin B Y, Jiang G J 2016 Acta Acoust. 41 56 （in Chinese)[江鹏飞, 林建恒, 马力, 殷宝友, 蒋国健2016声学学报41 56]
[17] Harrison C H 1997 Appl. Acoust. 51 289
[18] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H, 2011 Computional Ocean Acoustics（New York:Springer-Verlag) pp17-18
[19] Harrison C H, Simons D G 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 1377
[20] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H, 2011 Computional Ocean Acoustics（New York:Springer-Verlag) pp46-47
[21] Duda T F, Preisig J C 1999 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 24 16
[22] Dosso S E, Wilmut M J, Lapinski A S 2001 IEEE J Oceanic Eng. 21 324
[23] Hamilton E L 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 1313
[24] Lu L C, Ma L 2008 Tech Acoust. 27 56 （in Chinese)[鹿力成, 马力2008声学技术27 56]
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